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546,196 artículos

Año: 2018
ISSN: 1998-8850, 1998-7846
Guzmán-Guillén, Fidel
Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA)
Mountain areas cover most of the Nicaragua’s surface and have high socio-economic importance for the country as most of the crops are housed in them. Crops located in slopes and managed with traditional practices have caused a severe degradation of soils, which has exacerbated rural poverty, and have raised concern in the organizations devoted to the Transference of Technology and Sustainable Management of Soils. The goal of this research is analyzing the Adoption of Technologies as a strategy to promote food security and environment preservation in the rural communities San José de Cusmapa Madriz, San Francisco Libre Managua and La Trinidad, Estelí during the period 2008-2011. And specifically in determining the factors that condition the adoption of technologies for the preservation of soils, identifying the effect they have had on crop yields and economic returns of farmers so as to improve their diet. The research technology rests on two bases of complementary information: a secondary basis, comprising information previously generated by other studies, scientific literature, and international experience and a primary basis comprising empirical data. To collect field data several tools are used: semi structured interviews and workshops involving farmers and extension agents; collection of soils samples for lab analysis; socialization of data by their presentation at workshops. Results show that the adoption of soil preservation technologies by the farmers under study is satisfactory and that these technologies result in a better quality of soils and a favorable perception of the innovations that have been transferred. However, they fail to increase the yield of crops, which does not allow them to achieve food security and improve their living conditions.
Año: 2018
ISSN: 1998-8850, 1998-7846
Pineda Rizo, Oswaldo Martin
Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA)
According to the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture, in Nicaragua, the main transfer problems are the lack of technology adoption indicators for soil and water conservation. Due to this, the study is given with the purpose of documenting longterm environmental and socio-economic effects of the process of adoption of soil conservation techniques promoted by the Nicaraguan Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and the Rural Research and Development Foundation (FIDER) in the 1990s. The title of the research is Technological adoption in soil and water conservation and its effect on agricultural income and organic matter contents in rural localities, from 2002 to 2008, was executed with a sample population of 45%, the methodological process started with The planning phase to design the field instruments and select the sample per community, followed by the data collection process in fields, to be analyzed and interpreted with the community. The variables evaluated; (Adoption, Productive Income, Simple Reproduction Threshold and Organic matter content in soils). Land-owning producers were able to adopt up to 16 conservation techniques and maximum no-owners 4 technologies. The living and dead barriers were the most adopted techniques in the two communities and the organized producers were the most adopters. Revenues increase by more than 50% as more technologies are adopted and approach the Simple Playback Threshold. Organic matter contents increase to 2.8% in combined systems and with a longer adoption time.
Año: 2018
ISSN: 1998-8850, 1998-7846
Herrera-García, Kenia; Aragón-Obando, Erwin; Aguilar-Bustamante, Víctor
Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA)
A molecular characterization of 105 accessions of cacao (79 nationals, 21 hybrids and 5 creoles) plant was conducted using 10 (SSR) molecular markers. Seventy-nine accessions collected around the country were comprised into 8 groups according to geographic site (Rio San Juan, Creoles reference, hybrids reference, Carazo, Rivas, Matagalpa, Jinotega, RAAS). Twenty-one hybrids and 5 creoles samples were using as reference materials. A total of 183 alleles were identified in 105 accessions with a mean of 18.3. The observed and expected heterosigocity were higher with 0.437 and 0.81 MTc- CIR12, respectively. The means of PIC and Shannon index were 0.87 and 1.37 respectively. The analysis of variance revealed high difference within group (85%) and low differences among groups (15%). The PCA was found collected materials that were genetically similar to creoles references, in the case of RSJ 0211, RSJ 0311, RSJ 0511, Bomat0510, Ji0210, Ji-Cua materials RSJ0411 0104 and are closely related. It was shown that a high genetic diversity and that are promising materials for future breeding studies.
Año: 2018
ISSN: 1998-8850, 1998-7846
Alemán, Freddy; Sánchez, Adriana
Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA)
In Nicaragua, the study of the weeds, important components of the agro ecosystem, has been neglected to a second place. In the period comprised between August and September 2010, a study was conducted aimed to update the information on weed science in Nicaragua. The research was transversal; the information was obtained through document analysis and interviews with key stakeholders from state institutions, leaders of regional institutions, producer associations and academia. The results show that most of the farming systems in Nicaragua are affected by weeds presence, in which there is predominance of conventional management practices that promote greater weeds infestation. Thirteen weed species are considered highly problematic in Nicaraguan agriculture, and thirteen as very problematic. The weed management practice used by small farmers is manual control, with the use of light tools and manual pulling. Medium and large farmers use herbicides which include paraquat, glyphosate and 2,4-D, some of them restricted in many countries. In the last ten years there has been an increase in the use of herbicides, existing farming systems such as rice, sorghum, sugar cane, coffee and oil crops (soybean, peanut and sesame) that depend on them to control weeds. According to the informants, few professionals are working in weed science, as well as there are few programs and ongoing research projects that consider the subject. Information on aquatic weeds and biological control practice are nonexistent, and few seed certification programs fulfill established standards of a particular weed management to not affect the seed quality. Nationally there are regulatory or policy documents on weeds, as well as international agreements or treaties subscribed by the country, which influence the management options of these plants.
Año: 2018
ISSN: 1998-8850, 1998-7846
Bairamis, Konstantinos
Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA)
The destruction of natural resources in the municipality of Mulukuku and in Nicaragua in general is the principal cause of a crisis without precedent for the economy and the society. The national resources have sustained the principal economic activity, cattle raising, but the immediate interest of farmers is the destruction of forests for acquisition of cheap land. In contradiction with this short-term interest, the long-term interest of the producers is the preservation of natural resources, not only as the basis of their productive activity but also as the medium for the acquisition of ecological certifications that add value to their production. This investigation combines quantitative and qualitative methodology and has an explanatory aim.. The principal result of the investigation is that the low-level social capital of the producers makes them victims of public policies that destroy their profits and favor the cartel of export companies. The informal institutional reaction of the producers is the appropriation of national lands that belongs to the state “de jure” but not “de facto”. The prognostic of the investigation is that the situation will be much worse and the low possibility of solution depends on the rise in profits of producers and the rise of social capital to effect change of public policies, as a necessary condition for the preservation of natural resources.
Año: 2018
ISSN: 1998-8850, 1998-7846
Reyes Flores, Francisco; Reyes, Rosa María; Salgado, Heraldo; Cornejo, Harvin
Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA)
In the study of hatching of Artemia franciscana at laboratory level, aimed to determine the type of treatment that fits laboratory conditions giving good results for hatching the brine shrimp, Artemia (Artemia franciscana Kellogg). The methodology consisted of data collection in the laboratory evaluated by the following treatments: Taking pH; Taking temperature; Salinity; Survivorship measurement. Once established the study proceeded to put the egg of Artemia, which began to hatch iu 48 hours to start the process eclosivo crustacean. Management that was applied in the study consisted of taking data of temperature and pH to track and monitor the hatching of Artemia and control feed consisting base diet pill alga Spirulina maxima crushed. According to statistical analysis using methodology DUNCAN, Pearson correlation and processed in the INFOSTAT statistical program indicate that the best hatching was recorded in treatment D with 65.40% giving guidelines to be the treatment best adapted to the conditions of laboratory. The survival of other treatments is positive and adaptable to laboratory conditions where it is advisable to use containers with larger capacity water storage. It is recommended for future crops Artemia can carry out the management and implemented in the Laboratory of Biological Sciences of the National Agricultural University for higher performance in the survival of the study, and continue to provide information to the emergence of this crustacean food option for the low impact fishing producers in the country.
Año: 2018
ISSN: 1998-8850, 1998-7846
Noguera-Talavera, Álvaro; Cruz, Gladys
Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA)
This paper is an abstract based on environmental and forest Nicaraguan legislation. The objective was deliver a perspective of the approach and efficiency of these laws to improve the forest ecosystems conservation. The methodology to prepare it consisted in the critical review of three laws (Law 647: General law of environment and natural resources, law 462: Law of conservation, promotion and sustainable development of forest activities; and law 585: Law of restriction to cut, logging and commercialization of forest resource) thus complementary legal instruments of these laws takin account the legal elements that consider a general approach (ecosystem level) as well as particular (species level) useful to forest conservation strategies. Based on per se conservation point of view, the law 647 has many legal elements relate with forest resource conservation, emphasizing in institutional role to confer, to observe and to assess forest activities with negative potential impact, and conservation proposals of ecosystems forest, normative to forest soil protection and some elements to create the orientation to taxes incentives. The regulation of protected areas, is an important point of the law 462 being the approach to restrict the use and management of the ecosystems, contrary to needed of conserve ecosystems or species with ecological importance or representative. The analysis of the law 462 suggest that the normative emphasize in the definition of ecosystem to wood production and forest management; the restriction of logging in municipal protected areas and border zone, which is found in law 585 (also known as close law) that pretend to protect six forest species with undocumented threat, and unrestricting y some areas. The conservation perspective of Nicaraguan legislation content restrictive elements, while some regulations pretend sustainable use, but without orientation to application and assessment.
Año: 2018
ISSN: 1998-8850, 1998-7846
Aguilar Maradiaga, Marbell Danilo; Cruz Cardona, Roxana Yadira; Ortiz Zelaya, Mirna Indiana; Zeledón Rodríguez, Johnston Erizaet
Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA)
The study microtuberización with potato cultivar Burren was conducted in tissue culture laboratory of the National Agrarian University between June and December 2015. Phases of multiplication and formation of microtubers were studied in bioreactors Economic Temporary Immersion (BEIT). The best variants of culture media were those containing 0.20 mg l-1 GA3 with 0.50 mg l-1 BAP and 0.10 mg l-1 GA3 with 1 mg l-1 BAP, with average respective number of inter- nodes 6.32 and 5.7 and number of leaves per plant of 7.37 and 6.93. Additions sucrose 80 g l-1 and 110 g l-1 favored the formation of microtubers with average fresh weight between 0.69 and 0.75 grams. Sucrose concentrations of 80 g l-1 and 120 g l-1 were no significant statistical differences between the means of the variable diameter and length of microtubers were recorded. In microtubers more than 10 mm diameter averages obtained plant length , number of leaves and number of buds of 21 cm , 16.35 and 5.65 respectively and with diameters between 8 and 10 mm the respective means were 16.37 cm , 11.35 and 5.35. In microtubers more to 10 mm diameter averages obtained plant length, number of leaves and number of buds of 21 cm, 16.35 and 5.65 respectively and with diameters between 8 and 10 mm the respective means were 16.37 cm, 11.35 and 5.35.
Año: 2018
ISSN: 1998-8850, 1998-7846
Jiménez-Martínez, Edgardo; Lacayo Rodríguez, Robert; Mayorga Mendoza, José; Somarriba Moncada, Oscar
Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA)
Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) is a tree from the family Moringácea growing frequently in the tropics. It is considered a major crop in Central America. In Nicaragua in recent years the interest has grown in this crop due to its nutritional potential in feeding cattle, pigs and poultry. However, moringa as any other crop has been affected by many problems, including some insect pest causing drastic reductions in the total returns of this crop. With the aim of contributing to new generation of information for the management of these insect pests, this study was conducted to identify all insect associated to moringa, in addition, to study the insect population fluctuation, calculate richness and abundance, as well as insect behavior. This work was conducted in the period from May to December 2013 in Managua, on two farms Las Mercedes and CNIA-INTA. In both farms it was placed traps to catch insects, these traps were Pit fall traps and Plastic one gallon container with water and molasses. The total number of traps placed per farm was 24. Samples were taken weekly and insects collected in the field were taken to the laboratory for identification respectively. According to the results obtained in the study, the main insect orders found associated to moringa were, Orthóptera, Dermaptera, Hemíptera, Coleóptera, Diptera, Lepidóptera, Hymenóptera, Blattodea, Isoptera, Magaloptera, Neuroptera y Odonata. The greater insect richness and abundance were found on the farm CNIA-INTA, it was also noted that the family Formicidae and Lonchaeidae were most frequently on both farms.
Año: 2018
ISSN: 1998-8850, 1998-7846
Duarte-Canales, Henry Alberto; Munguía-Hernández, Rodolfo; Aguilar-Bustamante, Víctor; Murillo-Malespín, Gerardo; Marrero-García, Emilio
Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA)
Due to the importance of the coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in exports of Nicaragua, an experiment on the cultivation of coffee in the San Dionisio (11 ° 53 ‘80’ ‘LN, 86 ° 14’ 05 ‘was established LO and 552 m), San Marcos, Carazo, Nicaragua, in order to evaluate the growth, development and production of coffee under three sheets of supplementary drip irrigation (0, 10, 20 and 30 mm) applied from 14 April 2013 to the normal presence of rainfall in the area. The treatments were placed in a randomized complete block design (BCA) with four replicates. The variables fruit peel, leaf area index, bandolas growth, formation of knots and production potential analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey (α = 0.05) was applied. The irrigation depth of 20 mm favored vegetative growth, formation of productive structures and productivity.

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