Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The objective of this work is to compare the results obtained and obtained in 2016, with those obtained in 2017, evaluating the evolution of hemoparasitic diseases in donkeys in the region. Hemoparasites are the most important group of diseases in donkeys in the northern region of Nicaragua (Departments of Madriz and Nueva Segovia), with a prevalence of around 50% of the existing donkeys. However, the causes of death are mainly due to the lack of control of ticks on donkeys by their owners, added to the lack of control and treatment of hemoparasitosis. With the death of the donkeys aff ected by Babesia sp., Anaplasmosis becomes the most relevant disease within the hematozoa, with more than 30% prevalence. The presence of Plasmodium sp., Not described so far in the international literature is relevant, not only because it aff ects 16.88% of the donkeys of the diff erent regions of the Tapacale River basin in Somoto, but because of the risks inherent to health public. It is urgent to train the owners of the donkeys on control and treatment of ticks and hemoparasites, as well as to obtain the funds to pay for the treatments.

Solid state fermentation (FES) of the mixture of shredded sugar cane and different levels (0, 5, 7.5 and 10% ) of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (HHMO) as protein source was studied in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and three replicates each one. During fermentative process, pH, environmental and fermentation temperature was recorded every four hours in each replicate by treatment during a 36 h period. Dry matter content (MS), Crude protein (PB), Neutral detergent fi ber (FDN) and In vitro digestibility of dry matter (DIVMS) were analyzed. No statistical signifi cance was observed for environmental temperature (28.85 0C ± 3.3), nor inclusion levels of HHMO over fermentation temperature (26.07 0C ± 1.94) nor pH of the fermentation product (5.75 ± 0.46). Signifi - cant increase of Crude protein content occurs (P<0.05) from 12.3 to 24.3% when inclusion of HHMO increased from 0% to 10% and no signifi cant diff erences exist between inclusion levels of 5% and 7.5% of HHMO with 20.8 and 21.4%, respectively. Inclusion of HHMO signifi cantly improves DIVMS even when no signifi cant diff erences were found in respect to FESCA with 0% of HHMO. It can be conclude that HHMO inclusion signifi cantly increase PB content and improves DIVMS on FES of sugar cane mixtures and 10% in the most adequate proportion of HHMO as additive to stimulate microbial growing and it protein content.

The adoption of agricultural technologies and practices is determined by the socio-economic conditions and characteristics of production systems. The main aim was to identify factors and extension activities that facilitate adoption of agricultural technologies and practices. This research was conducted in seven municipalities at Department of Jinotega, located in Northern Nicaragua, Central America. The sample size was determined by calculating finite populations of a universe of 1 470 small scale producers, those who have worked in collaboration with the Nicaraguan Institute of Agricultural Technology, universities and other institutions which have been dedicated to the development of agricultural sector and which have been part of processes of participatory research and extension. The evaluated variables were producer´s age and education level, number of children, land´s ownership, in how many agricultural training and technology dissemination methods has been involved; all of them in relation to the level of implementation and adoption of technologies and practices. Semi-structured surveys, on-site observation and focus group were used for registration information. Socio-economic factors, as well as the technical support and mechanisms for the dissemination of technologies, are key elements in the implementation and adoption of agricultural technologies and practices.

A research study was conducted to evaluate guinea pig (Cavia porcellus L.) supplementation with Moringa oleifera fresh foliage or Morus alba fresh foliage and the effect on productive behavior. A total of 18 creole guinea pigs with initial body weight of 175.8 g were used in a Completely Randomized Design and with three treatments: 1) Commercial concentrate (CC) ad libitum + CT-115, 2) 70% CC + Moringa oleifera fresh foliage and 3) 70% CC + Morus alba fresh foliage with six repetitions. No signifi cant eff ects (P>0.05%) were observed between T1, T2 and T3 related with productive parameters (Body weight, gain weight and feed conversion ratio). Guinea pigs feeding with 70% CC + Moringa oleifera fresh foliage or 70% CC + Morus alba fresh foliage reduced cost production and increase fi nancial benefi t compared with guinea pigs feeding with CC ad libitum + CT-115. However, T3: 70% CC + Moringa oleifera fresh foliage showed the best financial results.

The establishment of a protective layer composed by native species to develop a uniform successor community is essential for ecological restoration and is necessary to control eroding processes. A field assessment was carried out in three sites along the Torres river watershed through the establishment of eight experimental plots per site, one of them without vegetation and the rest with diff erent herbaceous and shrub species. Edaphic and climatic variables were considered on each site, while in each plot the species survival and the sediments production were evaluated monthly. The survival average in the three sites was over 50%, showing the species overcame post-sowing stress and managed to adapt successfully. In the upper and lower part, the plots sown with Hamelia patens and Tradescantia zanonia registered a lower erosion rate. For the middle part, Dahlia imperialis and T. zanonia, were the most efficient compared to the other four species. In general, in the high and low areas, the shrubs are dominant, and the herbaceous in the middle. The use of native species as a strategy of ecological restoration and urban forestry allows the improving of mechanical, hydraulic and environmental conditions of the study site, and acts as a living barrier against erosion.

This paper analyzes levels of development, trends, scientific influences and contributions to Nicaraguan Entomology, between 1835 and 1930. At that time, the naturalists who came to Nicaragua had general training in biology and other natural sciences. European entomologists saw the possibility of doing exploratory works and massive collections in the American continent. They focused on observations and description of the flora found; some of the insects that received more attention were butterfl ies, as organisms associated with flowering plants of striking color. Thomas Belt, 1843, English naturalist, after five years of exploring Nicaragua, in Santo Domingo, Chontales, managed to collect insects, among them the “wings of glass butterfly” Ithomia heraldica Bates, 1866. Local knowledge of the entomological fauna, generated by national entomologists, was concentrated in a limited group of insect orders. Diocleciano Chávez as an entomologist became more interested in butterflies and beetles, managing to form an important collection as a result of explorations carried out in different areas of the country. In addition, Miguel Ramirez Goyena made clear the reference and the technical quality on which scientific publications should be developed in the country. These entomologists with a practically self-taught preparation, promoted the first initiatives to capture, collect and identify insects, facing serious limitations of resources and logistical support.

In Nicaragua systems of production cattle they are aff ected by the low availability of food and water in dry season causing the increase of diseases and malnutrition, aff ecting directly the productive and reproductive herd parameter, Likewise counteract this types of situations comes the of antibiotics by prophylactic therapeutic use and growth promoters, able to eliminate pathogens and eliminate drastically on the microbial fl ora necessary for the functioning or the digestive system also to infl uencing the accumulation of waste in fi nal products of importance to consumers, the genus lactobacillus represents a high biotechnological potential, this bacteria contribute to the increase organoleptic of food and generate an unfavorable environment for the growth of pathogens microorganisms. The objective of this work was identify with vitro test the species of lactobacillus with high probiotic through fermented substrate of yucca, through biochemical tests, lactobacillus sp, L.casei and L.brevis was identifi ed, the lactobacillus species previously identifi ed was in a resistance tests with diff erent level of pH showing resistance to the acid conditions, the microbial antagonism test in front E.coli ATCC 25922 and salmonella sp demonstrate the presence of inhibition of halos, showing antimicrobial action over the pathogens growth the L.casei and L.brevis species was sensitive to Trimetoprim sulfametaxona and oxitetraciclina antibiotics, to realize the sensitive tests. These results demonstrate that the identifi ed strains can be used as a probiotic in the feeding of the animals or as an inoculant in the silage process.

The broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) is the main pest causing economic losses in green pepper in San Isidro, Matagalpa. Based upon this problem, a study was carried out with the objective of evaluating pesticides and identifying the most eff ective treatment for the management of the broad mite in the green pepper variety “Tres cantos” under protected conditions The trial was carried out from May to July 2016. Evaluated treatments were, garlic+chili+soap, Sulfo-calcium broth, Oberon® and Abamectina®, compared to the control treatment that was only water use, the evaluated variables were, broad mite number per (kg ha-1) and some economic variables such as partial budget analysis, dominance analysis and marginal rate of return analysis, the experimental design was a randomized complete block (BCA) with three replicates. Results show that the Oberón® and garlic+chili+ soap treatment, presented the best eff ect on the management of the broad mite, obtaining smaller number of individuals per plant, and the lower incidence, as well these two treatment presented, the highest commercial yields, the best marginal rate of return was achieved by the treatment garlic+Chili+soap, followed by Oberón®.

An experiment was conducted in the dry season of 2016 at the Yerba Farm, located in the Sébaco Valley, La Majadita community, San Isidro, Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Six treatments were studied, two doses of Sulfentrazone 50 SC alone and two doses of Sultetrazone 50 SC in mixture with Clomazone 36 CS. One treatment was represented by the farmer`s management, and one treatment received no wedd control (absolute control). A design of Complete Blocks Randon (BCA) with four repetitions was used. The evaluated variables were density of weeds by types, total density, biomass by types, accumulated biomass, crop toxicity and grain yield. Analysis of variance and separation test were performed according to DMS at 5% error margin. The best behavior in the reduction of the density of weeds was obtained with the treatments Sulfentrazone, 0.28 1 ha-1 + Clomazone and Sulfentrazone 0.35 ha-1 + Clomazone, which showed greater effectiveness in the control of poaceae from seven days after the aplication, with 100% control, until 35 days after the aplication, with 99.91% control. The lowest accumulated biomass was presented by the Sulfentrazone 0.35 1 ha-1 + Clomazone treatment with 73.29% efficiency with respect to the absolute control treatments. The highest commercial yields were obtained by the treatment Sulfentrazone 0.35 1 ha -1 + Clomazone and Sulfentrazone 0.28 1 ha-1 + Clomazonem which represents an increase percentage of 62.43% and 62.32% in relation to the absolute control

The study was conducted in El Morro farm, located in the municipality of San Miguelito, Rio San Juan, with the objective of analyzing the fl oristic composition, silvicultural status within the area of the forest, fallow area and scattered trees in paddocks. The methodology was developed by fi rst, a recognition of the area of the farm, and later a systematic forest inventory for the collection of trees samples 10 cm of normal diameter. The sample size in the area of the forest is 1.32 hectares; in the fallow area it is 0.54 hectares and scattered trees in pasture it is 0.77 hectares. The fl oristic composition of the forest consists of 29 arboreal species and 18 botanical family, the ones that stand out are Mimosaceae (6 species), Fabaceae (3 species), Caesalpinaceae (3). In the fallow area 26 species were found, represented in 20 botanical families, Mimosaceae and Tiliaceae stand out with 3 species and Bixaceae with 2 species. In the paddock area, trees with less than 10 cm in diameter were grouped into 33 species and 20 botanical families. The families that stand out are Mimosaceae with the species Pithecellobium saman (genízaro), Inga vera (guaba) and Enterolobium clyclocarpun (black guanacaste). The forest presents a diametric distribution in the shape of an inverted “J”, which indicates a normal development of a natural forest. The silvicultural state of the forest and fallow area, shows a pattern of predominate stems with an arch, the balance between healthy trees and those damaged by insects does not make an obvious diff erence. The majority of the trees receive sunlight during the day.