Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merril) is among others fruits, one of the most accepted crops in Nicaragua, regionally and internationally, being nationally an increased production fruits. The objectives of this study were, identifi cation, abundance, richness, diversity, population dynamics and eating habits of the main insect families associated to pineapple. This study was conducted in the period from March to September 2014, in the pineapple area of the Municipality of Ticuantepe, The study was conducted in six pineapple farms where three Pitfall traps for catching crawling insects, three plastic gallons with molasses traps for catching flying insects were placed, in addition, insects on fruits, foliage and soil were manually collected. This research found that the main families found associated to pineapple were; Formicidae, Scarabaeidae, Pseudococcidae, Elateridae, Noctuidae, Nymphalidae, Cerambicidae and Lycaenidae. The insect diversity was estimated using the Shannon- Weaver diversity index, the family with the highest diversity was Formicidae, regarding the insect richness, fifty one families and eighty four genus were found, the most numerous families were; Formicidae, Scarabaidae, Tenebrionidae and Pentatomidae, in regard to the population dynamics, insect families with the highest incidence were: Formicidae, Scarabaidae and Pseudococcidae, higher insect fl uctuations occurred in the months of April, May and July, the main eating habits of insect associated to pineapple were found as, defoliators, soil pests, sniffers phloem, bark borers plant, pollinators, predators, parasitoids and degraders organic matter.

The use of remote sensing for the mapping and discrimination of forest fires or burned areas is a key tool for monitoring, prevention and mainly for recovery and organization of pre and post-fire areas, which has proven to be an efficient and essential tool to perform these types of tasks. Numerous remote sensing techniques have been designed for mapping burned areas, highlighting the use and application of vegetation indexes, which have allowed advances in the study and understanding of the spatial and temporal behavior of plant covering. These techniques open up more possibilities to continue with research and new applications in different areas, especially related to the study of terrestrial ecosystems, which allows greater access to information (greater openness of public and private entities). The objective of this article is to define, from the explanations of certain authors, four of the vegetation spectral indexes most commonly used for mapping burned areas: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized burned ratio (NBR), global environmental monitoring index (GEMI) and mid-infrared burned index (MIRBI).

It was evaluated the effect of the partnership of H. rufa and P. maximun cv Tanzania with L. leucocephala and G. sepium in the availability of biomass and crude protein content (PC). The study was carried out in the property Santa María, La Chocolata, Rivas. The area was of 2 579.2 m2 divided into two plots with: three double rows of black and two G. sepium of L. leucocephala, with a distance of 7 m between alley, furrow between 1 m and 0.5 m between plants . The evaluation was carried out between 2009 and 2010 with seven cycles of grazing and frequency of 48 to 53 days of rest. The availability and botanical composition was made with the technique of double-sampling BOTANAL a day before grazing. Defined scales from 1 to 5 based on the percentage of cover, height, relationship stem-leaf (grass); cup diameter, height and number of sprouts (legume). The grass is short to 20 cm and 80 cm the legumes. For the dry matter is took a sample of 200 g and are dry for 72 h at 60 °C. It is performed an ANOVA for repeated measures and a linear regression. It was found that H. rufa is higher on tillering with 95.4 surpassing by more than 11% to Tanzania, however this last exceeded in diameter of tillers in over 16% to H. rufa. Tanzania contains 24% more than biomes that H. rufa and with the contribution of biomass of the legume is difference is 22.2%. L. leucocephala exceeds 90 % and 22% in availability of biomass to G. sepium in both pastures. In the contents of PC, Tanzania is above than 34% and 2.3 % in the edible and non-edible part respectively. Similarly L. leucocephala overcame 13 and 18% to G. sepium in two pastures.

The creole pig is a forgotten genetic resource, which at the moment is extremely threatened by the mestization of its genetic material with different specialized races. The present study was carried out with a total of 36 males and 57 females in the municipality of Nueva Guinea with the objective of characterizing the morphometric, phaneroptic, relationship of variables with sex and age and identifi cation of biotypes. Age and 12 morphological measures were determined, which were used to calculate 7 zoomometric indexes: cephalic (ICF), proportionality (IPD), body (ICP), chest depth (IPRP), thoracic (ITO), pelvic (IPV ), Thoracic metacarp (IMT), and phaneroptic characteristics in each individual. From the descriptive statistical analysis it was observed that the zoomometric measures evaluated reached a range of variation between 13.24% (LK) and 30.68% (DDE), reflecting that they are individuals with a high morphostructural variability. The regression analysis revealed that all body measurements are significantly related to age, but not with the variable sex that only presented positive relation with fi ve variables and in the total of the cases are not significant. With respect to zoomometric indexes, these pigs can be characterized as dolichocephalous (ICE = 42.51), longilineal (ICO = 98.75) and convexilineal (IPE), with a relatively deep trunk between the elliptic and cylindrical, reflecting values of coincident thoracic index With their condition of longils. In the phaneroptic characteristics, it is emphasized that these pigs predominate the layers and black mucous, body with abundant hair, absence of mamelles and syndactyly, with predominance of straight profiles. For the cluster analysis, four groups of animals were classified as having signifi cant differences between each of the morphometric variables evaluated. The results obtained allow us to know that they are individuals with high morphostructural variability and therefore it is diffi cult to do a zoomometric typing of the race, and on the other hand that the groups of individuals differentiated by cluster, even though they present statistically significant differences between the Different variables, cannot be considered as genetically differentiated biotypes, but rather a consequence of the environment, necessitating a treatment at a molecular level and not simply based on zootechnical measures.

The bioaccumulation of Zn in the endosperm of popular high consumption crops such as rice has great importance to solve nutritional problems. The present research consisted of different stages of evaluation-selection of advanced rice lines with high zinc content (nursery level, evaluation of advanced lines and multi-environmental evaluation). The experiments were established under irrigation and rainfed conditions in years 2014 and 2015, in the following locations: rice experimental center “TAI-NIC”, Jalapa, Posoltega, Masatepe, San Carlos, Pantasma and Dario. The experimental design was Unbalanced Uncomplete Blocks (Alpha Latice). Agronomic performance data (days to maturity, plant height, tillering, panicle length, grain weight, yield), grain quality and zinc content in the polished grain were measured by X-ray fluorescence (FRX) methodology. Four genotypes that combine desirable agronomic, industrial and nutritional characteristics were selected. A positive relationship was established between the amount of zinc available in the soil and the amount of zinc found in polished grain. Significant differences were determined between genotypes, environments and genotype * environment interaction. Genotypes that exhibit a broad adaptive behavior and genotypes with specific adaptation for each agro climatic and management condition were selected. Two mega-environments with genotypes in common were identifi ed. The first genotype, IR31917-45-3-2-1-1SR-5-M (T4), was formed by Pantasma and Jalapa sites. The second mega-environment was formed by Masatepe and San Carlos sites, with the genotype CT18504-4-5-3Vi-2-3P (T14). In the unique environments of Posoltega and Darío the best genotypes were IR75870-5-8-5-B-2-B- 1SR-8-M (T6) for the first and CT19298- (100) -1-2-3- 1-4MP (T1) for the second. The variable that most influenced the production was days to maturity, confirming the tendency that at a longer cycle, there is higher yield; and panicle length.

The study of nine advanced genotypes of rice and two commercial varieties was conducted at the experimental center of rice of ANAR at the Santa Rita Farm located in Sebaco, Matagalpa with the aim of assessing genotypes with higher potential yield and excellent agronomic and industrial characteristics. The experimental plots were stablished on July 10, 2014 and harvested since November 17th to November 19th of 2014. A BCA design was used with tree replications. The ANDEVA and Tukey 5% mean comparison test was applied using SAS software 9.1. The rice plants of line 246 and the variety ANAR 97 presented certain index of felt down and the lines 18 and 20 presented a moderate length of excursion facilitating the grain of rice plants. The remainder or rice lines did not present any felt down and showed a good length excersion. From the nine studied lines, six presented the highest productivity, also higher than ANAR 97 and ANAR 470 where the yield of paddy rice found was between 6121 kg/ha and 6818 kg/ha. These six lines can be tested in the future regional experiments. The line 248, presented the highest yield of white rice, the higher percentage of complete rice grain and the better relationship between good grain rice and broken grain rice.

With the aim to contribute to the scientific identification of Moringa oleifera Lam., reproductive material, was carried out a morphological characterization taking account the vegetative and reproductive structures as leaves and branches confi guration and, pods and seeds. The methodology were develop through observation fi eld and measurement of the structures during yield period at Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) plantation. The results registered shown values statically different in all variables between the samples, suggesting morphological differentiation.

Plantain cultivation is a high yield commodity with an acceptable and production rates in Nicaragua, it represents an alternative product of great importance in the department of Rivas. Crop security is provided for small, medium and large producers, but, it has been threatened by a group of pests and diseases that affect plant and fruit. With the aim of contributing to scientifi c knowledge on major insect pests associated to cultivation of plantain (Musa paradisiaca. L), this study was conducted in the period from January to September 2014 in six plantain farms of the department of Rivas. For this study sampling of weevil insect was done by using plantain corms as discs. To sample insects in plantain leaves, the bottom canopy leaves of 25 plants per farm were sampled. All insects found in the study were identifi ed in the laboratory of entomology at the National Agrarian University. The identified insects were, Cosmopolites sordidus, Methamacius hemipterus, Rhinchosporum Palmarum and Dysmicoccus Grassi. The months of May through September were the period where increased presence of these insects was found, compared to the summer months of January to April where populations found of these insects was lower.

In Nicaragua there are years of planning experience at the territorial levels, which are translate into challenges for action processes at the territories. The integral zoning of a territory has the purpose of schematize the territorial dynamics, and considers that in the division of space there are relatively homogeneous zones, but different from one another in relation to development problems. The last aspect can be used for the promotion, articulation and harmonization of visions in the face of territorial problems and their approach with local actors. The objective of the present work was to analyze the current situation of the Pochocuape territory and integrally zoning the community. The work transcends a simple inventory of resources in the different dimensions of development, but seeks to understand the logic of the location and spatial distribution of them, as well as the interrelations between the dimensions, to finish with the zoning of the community. The present study was descriptive and analytical, with quantitative approach. It had a sample of 230 households selected for convenience, and was carried out during May 2015. Taking into consideration the particular characteristics for zoning the region, it was identifi ed that despite the proximity to the urban area of district three, rurality still prevails. It was found, according to the dimensions proposed, that for environmental dimension there is a sub classifi cation in three zones, two zones for the social dimension and three for the economic. The environmental and the economic dimensions are coincident, and there is heterogeneity in the social domain.

The study was developed with teachers from the Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment - Universidad Nacional Agraria, under the assumption that knowledge of the learning styles of the educational community allows generating key information that can contribute to improving the teaching - learning processes. The methodology included the analysis of the context and the diagnosis of the learning styles of volunteer teachers of FARENA, using the Honey - Alonso Questionnaire of Learning Styles. The results indicate the profile of learning styles of the teaching community is Theoretical, Pragmatic, Active and Reflective, which indicates that they use particular processes and strategies to obtain, process, understand and put into practice an information. Since the evidence indicates that the best teachers use the four styles on a high scale; It is desirable that efforts be made to improve the use of such styles. To the extent that teachers properly master the four styles, they can contribute to improving the teaching - learning processes, and will be able to teach the student population how to enhance their learning styles