Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Several important phytosanitary problems have been recorded in potato cultivation due to the presence of viruses, bacteria and fungi. In recent years, producers in the departments of Estelí and Jinotega have reported plants with symptoms of the Zebra disease chip caused by the fastidiosa bacterium Candidatus liberibacter solanacearum. The Zebra chip disease has caused large economic losses to potato producers in the country where the production is developed all year. Faced with this problem, the Nicaraguan Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), together with the National Agrarian University (UNA), conducted a study between August 2015 and July 2016 with the objective of generating information related to the presence and distribution of Ca. Solanacearum in the above mentioned departments. A total of 162 tissue samples with disease symptoms were collected from four locations in Jinotega and three locations in Estelí during the three cropping cycles. Tissue samples were processed and analyzed at the National Center for Agricultural Research and Biotechnology (CNIA-INTA) to detect causative agent Ca.l. Solanacearum using the molecular primers bound to the bacterium Lso Tx 16/23 and the cleansing gene Lso adk. 50 samples were positive with the Lso Tx 16/23 primer indicating high specificity for the detection of this pathogen, whereas with the Lso ADK primers 42 samples were positive presenting polymorphisms. The bacterium was detected in the areas of El Tayacán and El Zacatón in the department of Estelí and in the department of Jinotega El Mojón, La Palmera and San Gregorio. The highest percentage of aff ection for Ca. L. solanacearum was presented in Jinotega with 52.17% compared to Estelí that presented 22.41% of the samples collected

The broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) is the main pest causing economic losses in green pepper in San Isidro, Matagalpa. Based upon this problem, a study was carried out with the objective of evaluating pesticides and identifying the most eff ective treatment for the management of the broad mite in the green pepper variety “Tres cantos” under protected conditions The trial was carried out from May to July 2016. Evaluated treatments were, garlic+chili+soap, Sulfo-calcium broth, Oberon® and Abamectina®, compared to the control treatment that was only water use, the evaluated variables were, broad mite number per (kg ha-1) and some economic variables such as partial budget analysis, dominance analysis and marginal rate of return analysis, the experimental design was a randomized complete block (BCA) with three replicates. Results show that the Oberón® and garlic+chili+ soap treatment, presented the best eff ect on the management of the broad mite, obtaining smaller number of individuals per plant, and the lower incidence, as well these two treatment presented, the highest commercial yields, the best marginal rate of return was achieved by the treatment garlic+Chili+soap, followed by Oberón®.

An experiment was conducted in the dry season of 2016 at the Yerba Farm, located in the Sébaco Valley, La Majadita community, San Isidro, Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Six treatments were studied, two doses of Sulfentrazone 50 SC alone and two doses of Sultetrazone 50 SC in mixture with Clomazone 36 CS. One treatment was represented by the farmer`s management, and one treatment received no wedd control (absolute control). A design of Complete Blocks Randon (BCA) with four repetitions was used. The evaluated variables were density of weeds by types, total density, biomass by types, accumulated biomass, crop toxicity and grain yield. Analysis of variance and separation test were performed according to DMS at 5% error margin. The best behavior in the reduction of the density of weeds was obtained with the treatments Sulfentrazone, 0.28 1 ha-1 + Clomazone and Sulfentrazone 0.35 ha-1 + Clomazone, which showed greater effectiveness in the control of poaceae from seven days after the aplication, with 100% control, until 35 days after the aplication, with 99.91% control. The lowest accumulated biomass was presented by the Sulfentrazone 0.35 1 ha-1 + Clomazone treatment with 73.29% efficiency with respect to the absolute control treatments. The highest commercial yields were obtained by the treatment Sulfentrazone 0.35 1 ha -1 + Clomazone and Sulfentrazone 0.28 1 ha-1 + Clomazonem which represents an increase percentage of 62.43% and 62.32% in relation to the absolute control

A field experiment was carried out at San Antonio Farm located in Potosí, Rivas from October 2014 to December 2015. Two experimental plots were established with 250 plants each. The variety of banana plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) cv. CEMSA ¾ was used. The experiment was established on October 23th, 2014. Suckers from plants with bunch with 40 or more fingers was selected to establish the superior plot (Treatment 1). In the test plot the suckers was selected by the farmer (Treatment 2). Rows with 25 plants at 2.4 m between rows and 1.3 m among plants for a density of 3200 plants per hectare. T-test per independent plots and multiple correlation were used to analyze the data. The bunch weigh was 20.44 kg for test plot and 20.31 kg for superior plot (P= 0.714). The number of hand per bunch were 10.06 per test plot and 10.39 for the superior (P=0.002). The number of fingers per bunch was 51.51 per test plot and 52.95 for the superior (P=0.019). The fi nger length was 32.45 cm for the test plot and 31.74 cm for the superior plot (P=0.016). The diameter of fi nger was15.67 cm for test plot and 15.35 cm for the superior plot (P=0.006). The mean weigh of fi nger was 367.0 g test plot and 344.9 g for superior plot. The total yield was 58.86 t ha-1 in the test plot and 58.49 t ha-1 in the superior plot. The field experiment will continue with the harvest 2016 and 2017.

The objective of this work is to compare the results obtained and obtained in 2016, with those obtained in 2017, evaluating the evolution of hemoparasitic diseases in donkeys in the region. Hemoparasites are the most important group of diseases in donkeys in the northern region of Nicaragua (Departments of Madriz and Nueva Segovia), with a prevalence of around 50% of the existing donkeys. However, the causes of death are mainly due to the lack of control of ticks on donkeys by their owners, added to the lack of control and treatment of hemoparasitosis. With the death of the donkeys aff ected by Babesia sp., Anaplasmosis becomes the most relevant disease within the hematozoa, with more than 30% prevalence. The presence of Plasmodium sp., Not described so far in the international literature is relevant, not only because it aff ects 16.88% of the donkeys of the diff erent regions of the Tapacale River basin in Somoto, but because of the risks inherent to health public. It is urgent to train the owners of the donkeys on control and treatment of ticks and hemoparasites, as well as to obtain the funds to pay for the treatments.

The adoption of agricultural technologies and practices is determined by the socio-economic conditions and characteristics of production systems. The main aim was to identify factors and extension activities that facilitate adoption of agricultural technologies and practices. This research was conducted in seven municipalities at Department of Jinotega, located in Northern Nicaragua, Central America. The sample size was determined by calculating finite populations of a universe of 1 470 small scale producers, those who have worked in collaboration with the Nicaraguan Institute of Agricultural Technology, universities and other institutions which have been dedicated to the development of agricultural sector and which have been part of processes of participatory research and extension. The evaluated variables were producer´s age and education level, number of children, land´s ownership, in how many agricultural training and technology dissemination methods has been involved; all of them in relation to the level of implementation and adoption of technologies and practices. Semi-structured surveys, on-site observation and focus group were used for registration information. Socio-economic factors, as well as the technical support and mechanisms for the dissemination of technologies, are key elements in the implementation and adoption of agricultural technologies and practices.

The establishment of a protective layer composed by native species to develop a uniform successor community is essential for ecological restoration and is necessary to control eroding processes. A field assessment was carried out in three sites along the Torres river watershed through the establishment of eight experimental plots per site, one of them without vegetation and the rest with diff erent herbaceous and shrub species. Edaphic and climatic variables were considered on each site, while in each plot the species survival and the sediments production were evaluated monthly. The survival average in the three sites was over 50%, showing the species overcame post-sowing stress and managed to adapt successfully. In the upper and lower part, the plots sown with Hamelia patens and Tradescantia zanonia registered a lower erosion rate. For the middle part, Dahlia imperialis and T. zanonia, were the most efficient compared to the other four species. In general, in the high and low areas, the shrubs are dominant, and the herbaceous in the middle. The use of native species as a strategy of ecological restoration and urban forestry allows the improving of mechanical, hydraulic and environmental conditions of the study site, and acts as a living barrier against erosion.

36 California and New Zealand White rabbits with an average live weight of 554 g and 37 days of age were used in a completely randomized design with the objective to evaluate the eff ect of inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) in rabbits feeding on the productive behavior, carcass characteristics and gastrointestinal tract morphometry. The treatments were: T1 commercial concentrate (CC); T2 CC with 16% of MOLM and T3 CC with 19.64% of MOLM. It was found that the best (p <0.05) LWG and FCI were obtained with T1 (19.22 g/animal/day and 5.69) and T3 (20.49 g/ animal/day and 5.57), which diff er statistically (p <0.05) of T2 (15.61 g/animal/day and 7.13). For live weight at slaughter, carcass yield, loin and chest weight, no statistical diff erences (p> 0.05) were found between T1 and T3, but these diff ered signifi cantly (p <0.05) from T2. In conclusion, the inclusion of 19.64% of MOLM in the concentrate for rabbits, does not aff ect the productive behavior, the characteristics of the carcass and the morphometry of the gastrointestinal tract, being a viable alternative for its use in farms of small producers.

In Nicaragua systems of production cattle they are aff ected by the low availability of food and water in dry season causing the increase of diseases and malnutrition, aff ecting directly the productive and reproductive herd parameter, Likewise counteract this types of situations comes the of antibiotics by prophylactic therapeutic use and growth promoters, able to eliminate pathogens and eliminate drastically on the microbial fl ora necessary for the functioning or the digestive system also to infl uencing the accumulation of waste in fi nal products of importance to consumers, the genus lactobacillus represents a high biotechnological potential, this bacteria contribute to the increase organoleptic of food and generate an unfavorable environment for the growth of pathogens microorganisms. The objective of this work was identify with vitro test the species of lactobacillus with high probiotic through fermented substrate of yucca, through biochemical tests, lactobacillus sp, L.casei and L.brevis was identifi ed, the lactobacillus species previously identifi ed was in a resistance tests with diff erent level of pH showing resistance to the acid conditions, the microbial antagonism test in front E.coli ATCC 25922 and salmonella sp demonstrate the presence of inhibition of halos, showing antimicrobial action over the pathogens growth the L.casei and L.brevis species was sensitive to Trimetoprim sulfametaxona and oxitetraciclina antibiotics, to realize the sensitive tests. These results demonstrate that the identifi ed strains can be used as a probiotic in the feeding of the animals or as an inoculant in the silage process.

The study was conducted in El Morro farm, located in the municipality of San Miguelito, Rio San Juan, with the objective of analyzing the fl oristic composition, silvicultural status within the area of the forest, fallow area and scattered trees in paddocks. The methodology was developed by fi rst, a recognition of the area of the farm, and later a systematic forest inventory for the collection of trees samples 10 cm of normal diameter. The sample size in the area of the forest is 1.32 hectares; in the fallow area it is 0.54 hectares and scattered trees in pasture it is 0.77 hectares. The fl oristic composition of the forest consists of 29 arboreal species and 18 botanical family, the ones that stand out are Mimosaceae (6 species), Fabaceae (3 species), Caesalpinaceae (3). In the fallow area 26 species were found, represented in 20 botanical families, Mimosaceae and Tiliaceae stand out with 3 species and Bixaceae with 2 species. In the paddock area, trees with less than 10 cm in diameter were grouped into 33 species and 20 botanical families. The families that stand out are Mimosaceae with the species Pithecellobium saman (genízaro), Inga vera (guaba) and Enterolobium clyclocarpun (black guanacaste). The forest presents a diametric distribution in the shape of an inverted “J”, which indicates a normal development of a natural forest. The silvicultural state of the forest and fallow area, shows a pattern of predominate stems with an arch, the balance between healthy trees and those damaged by insects does not make an obvious diff erence. The majority of the trees receive sunlight during the day.