Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

This research describes the characteristics of the producers of the Association of Livestock Breeders of Camoapa, assesses their business skills and proposes strategies to improve them. A survey, assessment test, focus group, some Geilfus tools and SWOT analysis for the generation of strategies were applied. The socio-economic and technical characteristics, business capacities and improvement strategies were evaluated. The results indicate that the producers have the main purpose of producing milk, they present a weak technological incorporation to their production processes, only 21.8% receive technical assistance or training, 36% of them work with fi nancing for the purchase of land. , livestock and means of transportation; they do not perform formal economic valuation of their farms, they present a high Index of Entrepreneurial Capacity (ICE), except in the knowledge variable (ICE under) that considers the aspects: diff erent ways of doing things, documentation of production, participation in training, consultation with experts and technicians to make decisions in the development of their activities and annual budgeting. The strategies aimed at improving the entrepreneurial capacities of producers consider: the fi nancial strengthening to improve the profi tability of their productive units, the development of technical and administrative capacities according to their needs and expectations, the adaptation to climate change and the diff usion of the knowledge about those business aspects that allow a change of attitude to face the challenges of the agricultural sector.

In order to evaluate the eff ects of cropping systems-tree-grass on soil quality and soil erosion on three farms in the micro basin Tecomapa; were established fi ve experimental plot: traditional burning (Q); Quesungual (SAQ) agroforestry system secondary forest (Bs); improved pastures with Brachiaria sp- Marandú (Pm); and silvopastoral system (SSP). In which two sub plots located in the high and lower position was monitoring soil quality and soil erosion sheet during 2011, 2012 and 2013. As a result, the rate of soil erosion out site was moderately only in the system of agricultural burning (Q) with 28.3 t ha-1 a-1. The in soil erosion rate in site was moderate between 10-50 t ha-1 a-1, in the BS and Pm systems, and high (50 to 200 t ha-1 a-1) in the SAQ and SSP systems. The soil quality was infl uenced by the contents of SOM, contents that were greater than 4000 kg ha-1 in the SAQ, SSP and B systems. This indicator was negatively correlated with increasing clay in the surface horizon of soils used pasture by previous erosion. Finally, soil quality indicators that increase crop yields of corn and beans were the high the organic thickness of soil, rapid soil infi ltration rates, and the soil erosion rate.

Faced with disagreements between the clinical and laboratory diagnosis, it was decided to make a comparative study between the diagnostic study of central and peripheral blood samples, to compare results. 100 cows were sampled from ten diff erent farms (10 cows from each farm) in the town of Pancasan, Matagalpa, Nicaragua, extracting from each one samples of central blood (jugular vein) and peripheral blood (auricular vein). All the samples were processed by means of a thin smear, thick smear and capillary visualization (Woo technique), dyeing them both with the Diff Quick dyes and with Giemsa. The central or peripheral blood tests have very large errors, greater than 20%, as to fully rely on only one of them in the results of studies on hemoparasites. Peripheral blood is only more eff ective in diagnosis at 2.79%, which is not signifi cant (P <0.1). It is recommended to carry out both simultaneous analyzes (central and peripheral blood) for future diagnoses of haemoparasites in the laboratory.

This paper analyzes levels of development, trends, scientific influences and contributions to Nicaraguan Entomology, between 1835 and 1930. At that time, the naturalists who came to Nicaragua had general training in biology and other natural sciences. European entomologists saw the possibility of doing exploratory works and massive collections in the American continent. They focused on observations and description of the flora found; some of the insects that received more attention were butterfl ies, as organisms associated with flowering plants of striking color. Thomas Belt, 1843, English naturalist, after five years of exploring Nicaragua, in Santo Domingo, Chontales, managed to collect insects, among them the “wings of glass butterfly” Ithomia heraldica Bates, 1866. Local knowledge of the entomological fauna, generated by national entomologists, was concentrated in a limited group of insect orders. Diocleciano Chávez as an entomologist became more interested in butterflies and beetles, managing to form an important collection as a result of explorations carried out in different areas of the country. In addition, Miguel Ramirez Goyena made clear the reference and the technical quality on which scientific publications should be developed in the country. These entomologists with a practically self-taught preparation, promoted the first initiatives to capture, collect and identify insects, facing serious limitations of resources and logistical support.

The problem of soil contamination is becoming a priority issue for governments, universities and organizations. The management, regulation and control of chemical products used in the control of pests and in the industrial and business production processes, as well as, the inclusive management of waste discharged to the ground accidentally or intentionally, should be part of the main challenges that society must undertake today. Otherwise, the diversity of functions performed by soils will be aff ected and consequently public health problems will be generated.

A molecular characterization of 105 accessions of cacao (79 nationals, 21 hybrids and 5 creoles) plant was conducted using 10 (SSR) molecular markers. Seventy-nine accessions collected around the country were comprised into 8 groups according to geographic site (Rio San Juan, Creoles reference, hybrids reference, Carazo, Rivas, Matagalpa, Jinotega, RAAS). Twenty-one hybrids and 5 creoles samples were using as reference materials. A total of 183 alleles were identified in 105 accessions with a mean of 18.3. The observed and expected heterosigocity were higher with 0.437 and 0.81 MTc- CIR12, respectively. The means of PIC and Shannon index were 0.87 and 1.37 respectively. The analysis of variance revealed high difference within group (85%) and low differences among groups (15%). The PCA was found collected materials that were genetically similar to creoles references, in the case of RSJ 0211, RSJ 0311, RSJ 0511, Bomat0510, Ji0210, Ji-Cua materials RSJ0411 0104 and are closely related. It was shown that a high genetic diversity and that are promising materials for future breeding studies.

The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Coleóptera: Curculionidae), is a one of the main pest of the corn during postharvest. The annual loss of cereal crops during postharvest are results of insect damage, microbial degradation and others factors, the estimate between 10 to 25% of yield global loss. Traditionally the control of these pests is with chemical insecticides, that is not appropriate management, produces environmental problems and food residual insecticide. One alternative is to use natural insecticides that are friendlier to the environment and are more feasible to make in the field. Between the naturals products are substances from: nicotine, natural pyrethrum, neem (azaradichtina) and the African tulip leaves and flowers (S. campanulata B.), in the same way the respective extracts. These components of the tree could be an alternative to postharvest cereals pest like the maize weevil (S. zeamais). In this research we conducted assays to determinate insecticide and repellent activity of African tulip leaves, flowers and extracts respectively in a camera with wind channel in the Chemistry-Ecology Laboratory of ECOSUR, Tapachula Chiapas, Mexico. The results obtained showed statistically the insecticide and repellent effect of flowers and leaves on the maize weevil to 2 g/200 g of corn and the main activity were to 2 and 17 hours after of the application. The main insecticide extract effects were with flowers extract to 2.0 and 1.5 mg/ml solution after 12 hours of the application.

In the study of hatching of Artemia franciscana at laboratory level, aimed to determine the type of treatment that fits laboratory conditions giving good results for hatching the brine shrimp, Artemia (Artemia franciscana Kellogg). The methodology consisted of data collection in the laboratory evaluated by the following treatments: Taking pH; Taking temperature; Salinity; Survivorship measurement. Once established the study proceeded to put the egg of Artemia, which began to hatch iu 48 hours to start the process eclosivo crustacean. Management that was applied in the study consisted of taking data of temperature and pH to track and monitor the hatching of Artemia and control feed consisting base diet pill alga Spirulina maxima crushed. According to statistical analysis using methodology DUNCAN, Pearson correlation and processed in the INFOSTAT statistical program indicate that the best hatching was recorded in treatment D with 65.40% giving guidelines to be the treatment best adapted to the conditions of laboratory. The survival of other treatments is positive and adaptable to laboratory conditions where it is advisable to use containers with larger capacity water storage. It is recommended for future crops Artemia can carry out the management and implemented in the Laboratory of Biological Sciences of the National Agricultural University for higher performance in the survival of the study, and continue to provide information to the emergence of this crustacean food option for the low impact fishing producers in the country.

The pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merril) is among others fruits, one of the most accepted crops in Nicaragua, regionally and internationally, being nationally an increased production fruits. The objectives of this study were, identifi cation, abundance, richness, diversity, population dynamics and eating habits of the main insect families associated to pineapple. This study was conducted in the period from March to September 2014, in the pineapple area of the Municipality of Ticuantepe, The study was conducted in six pineapple farms where three Pitfall traps for catching crawling insects, three plastic gallons with molasses traps for catching flying insects were placed, in addition, insects on fruits, foliage and soil were manually collected. This research found that the main families found associated to pineapple were; Formicidae, Scarabaeidae, Pseudococcidae, Elateridae, Noctuidae, Nymphalidae, Cerambicidae and Lycaenidae. The insect diversity was estimated using the Shannon- Weaver diversity index, the family with the highest diversity was Formicidae, regarding the insect richness, fifty one families and eighty four genus were found, the most numerous families were; Formicidae, Scarabaidae, Tenebrionidae and Pentatomidae, in regard to the population dynamics, insect families with the highest incidence were: Formicidae, Scarabaidae and Pseudococcidae, higher insect fl uctuations occurred in the months of April, May and July, the main eating habits of insect associated to pineapple were found as, defoliators, soil pests, sniffers phloem, bark borers plant, pollinators, predators, parasitoids and degraders organic matter.

The study microtuberización with potato cultivar Burren was conducted in tissue culture laboratory of the National Agrarian University between June and December 2015. Phases of multiplication and formation of microtubers were studied in bioreactors Economic Temporary Immersion (BEIT). The best variants of culture media were those containing 0.20 mg l-1 GA3 with 0.50 mg l-1 BAP and 0.10 mg l-1 GA3 with 1 mg l-1 BAP, with average respective number of inter- nodes 6.32 and 5.7 and number of leaves per plant of 7.37 and 6.93. Additions sucrose 80 g l-1 and 110 g l-1 favored the formation of microtubers with average fresh weight between 0.69 and 0.75 grams. Sucrose concentrations of 80 g l-1 and 120 g l-1 were no significant statistical differences between the means of the variable diameter and length of microtubers were recorded. In microtubers more than 10 mm diameter averages obtained plant length , number of leaves and number of buds of 21 cm , 16.35 and 5.65 respectively and with diameters between 8 and 10 mm the respective means were 16.37 cm , 11.35 and 5.35. In microtubers more to 10 mm diameter averages obtained plant length, number of leaves and number of buds of 21 cm, 16.35 and 5.65 respectively and with diameters between 8 and 10 mm the respective means were 16.37 cm, 11.35 and 5.35.