Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) is a tree from the family Moringácea growing frequently in the tropics. It is considered a major crop in Central America. In Nicaragua in recent years the interest has grown in this crop due to its nutritional potential in feeding cattle, pigs and poultry. However, moringa as any other crop has been affected by many problems, including some insect pest causing drastic reductions in the total returns of this crop. With the aim of contributing to new generation of information for the management of these insect pests, this study was conducted to identify all insect associated to moringa, in addition, to study the insect population fluctuation, calculate richness and abundance, as well as insect behavior. This work was conducted in the period from May to December 2013 in Managua, on two farms Las Mercedes and CNIA-INTA. In both farms it was placed traps to catch insects, these traps were Pit fall traps and Plastic one gallon container with water and molasses. The total number of traps placed per farm was 24. Samples were taken weekly and insects collected in the field were taken to the laboratory for identification respectively. According to the results obtained in the study, the main insect orders found associated to moringa were, Orthóptera, Dermaptera, Hemíptera, Coleóptera, Diptera, Lepidóptera, Hymenóptera, Blattodea, Isoptera, Magaloptera, Neuroptera y Odonata. The greater insect richness and abundance were found on the farm CNIA-INTA, it was also noted that the family Formicidae and Lonchaeidae were most frequently on both farms.

Due to the importance of the coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in exports of Nicaragua, an experiment on the cultivation of coffee in the San Dionisio (11 ° 53 ‘80’ ‘LN, 86 ° 14’ 05 ‘was established LO and 552 m), San Marcos, Carazo, Nicaragua, in order to evaluate the growth, development and production of coffee under three sheets of supplementary drip irrigation (0, 10, 20 and 30 mm) applied from 14 April 2013 to the normal presence of rainfall in the area. The treatments were placed in a randomized complete block design (BCA) with four replicates. The variables fruit peel, leaf area index, bandolas growth, formation of knots and production potential analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey (α = 0.05) was applied. The irrigation depth of 20 mm favored vegetative growth, formation of productive structures and productivity.

The end of the agricultural frontier in Nicaragua means the end of the availability of land to increase extensive agricultural production, which, from 1950 until now, is the main base of the Nicaraguan economy. The objective of this study was to describe the process of destruction of natural resources in the agricultural frontier and to explain the social mechanism that led to this situation. In the research process, bibliography dating from 1950 was reviewed, quantitative data from national and international institutions were used in comparative form and quantitative and qualitative variables were used to explain the phenomenon and make scientific predictions. The thesis presented, shows that the depletion of available land, combined with the serious effects of climate change on the availability of water, leads to Nicaragua for the first time in its history, in an economic imbalance and a possible serious social conflict. The proposal to avoid the crisis, is the alliance between producers, strata of the epistemic community and government, which allows to change the public policies of the state and establish a sustainable agroindustry for sustainable production, replacing the current agribusiness of oligopsonic cartel companies.

The use of remote sensing for the mapping and discrimination of forest fires or burned areas is a key tool for monitoring, prevention and mainly for recovery and organization of pre and post-fire areas, which has proven to be an efficient and essential tool to perform these types of tasks. Numerous remote sensing techniques have been designed for mapping burned areas, highlighting the use and application of vegetation indexes, which have allowed advances in the study and understanding of the spatial and temporal behavior of plant covering. These techniques open up more possibilities to continue with research and new applications in different areas, especially related to the study of terrestrial ecosystems, which allows greater access to information (greater openness of public and private entities). The objective of this article is to define, from the explanations of certain authors, four of the vegetation spectral indexes most commonly used for mapping burned areas: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized burned ratio (NBR), global environmental monitoring index (GEMI) and mid-infrared burned index (MIRBI).

An experiment was conducted at Santa Rosa farm, National University of Agriculture in Managua, Nicaragua, located geographically at 12°08’15’’ north and 86°09’36’’ east, in order to evaluate the effect of seed´s weight and size of Moringa stenopetala on growth and development of seedlings in nursery conditions. A completely randomized design with 20 replication and were measured germination rate, survival rate, plant height, basal stem diameter, number of leaves and number of pinnae. Heavy and large seeds of M. stenopetala presented a higher germination rate (25%) and survival rate (100%) than light and small seeds, with 22 and 90.9%, respectively. Seedlings grown from heavy and large seed of M. stenopetala were statistically.

The whitefly-virus complex (Bemisia tabaci)-Geminivirus and Halticus sp. are the main cause of economic losses in tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum Mill) in the municipality of Tisma, Masaya. Due to this situation, a study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of botanical insecticides such as: Chile + Garlic + Soap, Madero Negro, Chrysanthemum, alcoholic extract + Chili and alcoholic extract + Chili + Garlic in the period from December 2013 to February 2014. Of the treatments evaluated, the lowest number of whiteflies per plant and lower percentage of severity at one hundred days after transplanting was obtained with the treatment Alcoholic extract+Chili+Garlic. The treatment Madero Negro had the highest effectiveness in managing populations of Halticus sp. The economic analysis showed that the highest yield was obtained by the Alcoholic extract+Chili+Garlic with 34 685.18 kg/ha-1 followed by the treatment Chili+Garlic+Soap with 30 614.28 kg/ha-1. According to the marginal return analysis, this proved that the treatment Chili+Garlic+Soap is the one who obtained the best marginal rate of return with 1 476 %, which means that USD 14.76 is obtained for every dollar invested. According to samples of tomato tissue and whiteflies insect samples sent for analysis to at the University of Arizona in Tucson, this determined that the 66.66% of white flies samples from Tisma are indigenous whitefly, biotype “A”, and the 33.33% corresponds to the “B” biotype, the one that is more aggressive than “A”. The Begomoviruses analysis found that severe curl leaf tomato (ToSLCV) with at least 96% and golden mosaic virus of pepper (PepGMV) with 98% identity were identified in this study

The marango (Moringa oleiífera L.) is a tree of the family Moringácea that grows in the tropics, it is a crop of great importance in both Latin América and also in Central América. In Nicaragua, during the past few years, has grown the interest in this crop majorly because of its nutritional potential in the supply of cattle, pigs and birds. However, the marango as any other crop is been affected by many problems, including some phytosanitary problems, causing these, a drastic reduction in the total returns of this crop. With the aim of contributing to the informatión for the management of insect pests in Marango, this study was conducted in order to identify the principal insects associated to marango, in additión, to know the populatión fluctuations of these insects in the different times of the year, to learn about the insect abundance, richness and their behavior. This work was carried out in the period from November 2012 to April 2013 in Managua, in two farms, Las Mercedes and the national center for research in agriculture, belongs to the National Institute for Agriculture Technology (INTA). In both farms, traps were placed for the capture of insects; these were 12 Pit fall trap and 12 traps of plastic gallon containers with water and molasses. The total number of traps placed per farm was 24. The sampling was done weekly and insects collected in the field were brought to the laboratory for identificatión. According to the results obtained in the study, the main orders of insects found associated to marango were Orthóptera, Mantodea, Hemíptera, Dermáptera, Homóptera, Thysanoptera, Coleóptera, Díptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Blattodea, Isóptera and Megaloptera. It was found that the greater insect abundance was found in the farm Las Mercedes, and the greater insect richness was found on the farm INTA. The diversity index was higher in the INTAb farm than in Las Mercedes farm with rates of 1.14 and 1.13 respectively. This is the first study in Nicaragua where it is identified and described the major insects associated to marango.

This research was conducted in the watershed tributary of the river El Espinal Pueblo Nuevo, Estelí department, in order to delineate areas susceptible to landslides and floods and analyze vulnerabilities. The methodology included a proposal to conduct qualitative agroecological management taking into account the biophysical aspects of land, mapping of threats to landslides and floods and the active participation of community for the proposed guidelines based on problematic situations encountered in the study. The watershed has a high susceptibility to sliding 16.82 km2, corresponding to 19% of the watershed area being Macuelizo community which is in critical condition, was flooded delimit 2.40 km2 in area, with 128 homes at a shorter distance to 50 meters, being the highest risk communities La Calera, Rosario and Paso Hondo. The overall vulnerability was high in the economic, technical, ecological, institutional and physical aspects, being the communities that had very high vulnerability based on the indicators studied: San Jose, La Calera and oven. The proposed agroecological management zoned three areas that are protective zone and ecological restoration, rehabilitation area and agricultural development area. All these results with input and consensus of local actors and concerted five strategic guidelines for the prevention and mitigation of natural disasters actions were defined.

Thinking systems are a holistic method, included in the set of methods known as soft systems. The concepts of conservation and natural resource management and community life, become a dilemma of difficult conciliation in reality. Currently, it is necessary to deal with complex and dynamic situations in the daily agricultural and natural resource management and environment. The direct beneficiaries are residents and owners of protected areas; indirect external actors represented by organizations, governmental and non-governmental organizations, including institutions of higher education and research. Using soft systems and thinking systems, experiential learning and Kolb cycle as well as mind maps, rich picture and various participatory tools, we began a process in Zapatera Island, to generate an exchange of views and opinions and a platform for communication and interaction that brings the common positions of the different actors and enable progress towards updating and joint identification of a comprehensive management and consensual plan for the protected area, Zapatera Island Archipelago National Park. The results are flattering in the sense that they were able to establish such a platform and the degree of communication and exchange, is key in achieving advantageous positions for different actors especially the inhabitants of the archipelago. Coordinate UNA and SLU, supported by MARENA, and other NGOs and GOs.

Mountain areas cover most of the Nicaragua’s surface and have high socio-economic importance for the country as most of the crops are housed in them. Crops located in slopes and managed with traditional practices have caused a severe degradation of soils, which has exacerbated rural poverty, and have raised concern in the organizations devoted to the Transference of Technology and Sustainable Management of Soils. The goal of this research is analyzing the Adoption of Technologies as a strategy to promote food security and environment preservation in the rural communities San José de Cusmapa Madriz, San Francisco Libre Managua and La Trinidad, Estelí during the period 2008-2011. And specifically in determining the factors that condition the adoption of technologies for the preservation of soils, identifying the effect they have had on crop yields and economic returns of farmers so as to improve their diet. The research technology rests on two bases of complementary information: a secondary basis, comprising information previously generated by other studies, scientific literature, and international experience and a primary basis comprising empirical data. To collect field data several tools are used: semi structured interviews and workshops involving farmers and extension agents; collection of soils samples for lab analysis; socialization of data by their presentation at workshops. Results show that the adoption of soil preservation technologies by the farmers under study is satisfactory and that these technologies result in a better quality of soils and a favorable perception of the innovations that have been transferred. However, they fail to increase the yield of crops, which does not allow them to achieve food security and improve their living conditions.