Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Introducción: La pandemia de la COVID-19 implicó cambios en el quehacer universitario que orientaron a enfatizar en el tratamiento al proceso formativo, acorde con las necesidades sociales y del sector salud. Objetivo: Exponer las experiencias y resultados obtenidos en el tratamiento al proceso formativo en la COVID-19 en  Facultad Ciencias Médicas de Bayamo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal del periodo marzo 2020-febrero 2022. Se emplearon métodos teóricos con un enfoque general sistémico, el analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo y la modelación, además de estadística descriptiva e inferencial que incluyó prueba de diferencias de proporciones para muestras independientes con un 5% de significación. Resultados: La reorganización del proceso formativo distinguió etapas de reordenamiento, sistematización y valoración formativa contextual. El 99% de la matrícula prevista de estudiantes se integró al enfrentamiento y control de la COVID-19 en el trabajo integral comunitario. Se desarrollaron acciones en centros de aislamiento, sitios de vacunación, puestos de mando de oxígeno y laboratorios especializados. Se obtuvo una amplia participación estudiantil en eventos científicos virtuales y foros debates, entre otras actividades. Los resultados de promoción superaron al curso precedente y la calidad resultó significativa.Conclusiones: La reorganización sistémica del proceso formativo aseguró el desarrollo de un proceso integral con amplia inserción de estudiantes en actividades curriculares, extracurriculares y sociopolíticas, se evidenció elevado compromiso y sentido de pertenencia, manifestado en la sistematicidad y diversidad de acciones desarrolladas y en resultados académicos superiores.

Introducción: la migraña es una enfermedad frecuente y discapacitante, sin embargo, existen pocas investigaciones sobre los factores predictivos de la discapacidad.Objetivo: crear un modelo teórico explicativo de la interrelación dinámica entre los factores asociados a la discapacidad por migraña y a su vez la relación individual de cada uno de estos factores con la discapacidad.Método: para la realización de esta investigación se asumió el enfoque racionalista-deductivo como postura epistemológica, y los métodos hipotético-deductivo y sistémico-estructural para su consecución.Resultados: se expusieron elementos teóricos reveladores de la compleja relación que existe entre la discapacidad por migraña y sus factores determinantes.Conclusiones: se creó un modelo explicativo de la interrelación dinámica entre los diferentes factores con influencia independiente sobre la discapacidad por migraña y a su vez la relación individual de cada uno de estos factores con la discapacidad.

D-cycloserine (DCS) is a drug that has generated great interest for its association with improvements in both learning and memory. Few studies have evaluated the effect of DCS on learning, extinction, and response recovery in operant conditioning. The present study aimed to evaluate, over three experiments with rats, the effect of DCS on the spontaneous recovery of a simple operant, and on the resurgence of operant behavior. DCS was expected to strengthen the extinction, and that a decrease in spontaneous recovery and resurgence would also be observed. The results showed a faster extinction in the groups that received DCS during the extinction; however, no differences were observed in the recovery of the response. Based on the present results, it is not possible to conclude that DCS is a supportive drug for learning processes such as exposure therapy.

Prosocial behavior in childhood has been widely studied over the last decades. However, the cognitive processes underlying the development of these behaviors and how children understand each other are still not entirely clear. The concept of Theory of Mind (ToM) has become particularly relevant in the study of the development of social abilities in childhood. In this study, we hypothesize that the cognitive processes of first and second-order ToM are able to predict prosocial behaviors in a differentiated manner. A total of 40 children aged 3 to 7 years old (M = 5.075; SD = 1.248) were evaluated on different tasks to measure both ToM skills, as well as prosocial behaviors such as helping (Instrumental Help; IH) and cooperating (measured through Cooperative Problem Solving and Cooperative Gaming; CPS & CG respectively). Cooperative behavior-related tasks were performed under two conditions: Firstly, a condition of General Behavior (GB) where the task was performed normally. Then, a condition that included an Interruption Period (IP) where the task was abruptly interrupted to assess if the prosocial behavior was resumed autonomously by the child. Our findings enable us to propose a potential framework where first-order ToM predicts basic helping behaviors, while second-order ToM predicts more complex cooperative behaviors. These results also demonstrate that first and second-order ToM skills can differentially predict the complexity of children's prosocial behavior and that helping and cooperative behaviors could be regulated by differential processes.

In the category learning literature, similarity models have monopolized a good deal of research. The prototype and exemplar models are both based on the idea that people represent the structure of categories and category instances in the physical world in a mental similarity space. However, evidence for these models comes mainly from paradigms that provide subjects with deterministic feedback (i.e., exemplars belong to their corresponding categories with probability = 1). There is evidence that results obtained with deterministic feedback paradigms may not generalize well under probabilistic feedback conditions (i.e., where exemplars belong to their corresponding categories with probability less than 1). In this current work, we also suggest that probabilistic feedback may better reflect natural conditions, which is another important reason to pursue probabilistic feedback research. Thus, in the current work we set up a category learning experiment with probabilistic feedback and use it to evaluate different models. In addition to the two similarity models discussed above, we also use an associationist model that does not rely on the similarity construct. To compare our three models, we rely on computational modeling, which is a standard way of model comparison in cognitive psychology. Our results show that our associationist model outperforms similarity models on all our model evaluation measures. After presenting our results, we discuss why the similarity-based models fail, and also suggest some future lines of research that are possible using probabilistic feedback procedures.

Social categorization implies a difference between “we” and “they”, motivating people to create or maintain a positive group distinctiveness, which leads to intergroup bias. The common ingroup identity model proposes that recategorization from separated subgroups into an inclusive superordinate group can reduce intergroup bias. However, further research shows that bias reduction is more likely when a dual identity is created, wherein the ingroup and superordinate identities are simultaneously salient and, thus, ingroup distinctiveness is safeguarded within this recategorization process. The present study examined the effect of dual versus common identity representations on attitudes toward foreigners, as well as the dependence of this effect on identity fusion with the country and all humanity. Participants (n = 149) were assigned to one of two conditions: Worldwide (common) Identity, and Dual-Identity. Regression analysis indicated that, relative to the worldwide identity condition, the dual-identity condition produced more positive attitudes toward foreigners: less willingness to fight, greater perceived common identity, and stronger trust. This last result was moderated by identity fusion with the country and all humanity. Findings suggest that to reduce intergroup bias, it is important that people perceive themselves as members of all humanity without having to relinquish their ingroup identity.

Habituation is a type of learning that consists of a decrease in the response to a repetitive stimulus. The traditional view is that habituation comprises two processes: a transitory one called short-term habituation (STH), promoted by stimulus presentations at short intervals, and a more durable one called long-term habituation (LTH), promoted by more spaced repetitions. Due to the importance of time in this distinction and in an attempt to elucidate its underlying mechanisms, several studies have sought to relate habituation to brain activity through the analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs). We performed a systematic review of studies on habituation of ERPs in humans using the PRISMA methodology. A total of 175 articles were evaluated for eligibility and 145 were included. Most of the studies focused on short-term effects, demonstrating habituation in a range of ERP components such as P50, P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3. These studies revealed that STH occurs with intervals ranging from 75 ms to 4 s with an optimal of 500 ms, but it does not with intervals greater than 10 s. There are also some studies showing that the P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3 components exhibit LTH with inter-stimulus intervals between 3 and 10 seconds, but the evidence is yet insufficient to establish a secure conclusion with respect to LTH. We propose that future studies should use a wider range of inter-stimulus intervals with tests of both short-and long-term habituation so that the specific neurophysiological components of each type of habituation could be determined.

Jealousy is an emotional response to the threat of losing a valued relationship. In this research, we revisit the proposal that jealousy in friendship is an evolved response to the threat of someone else replacing what is unique in this kind of relationship. Burkett (2009) found that most people identify mental coordination—responding to the world as you do—as the feature that makes their best friend uniquely valuable to them. We presented 305 Chilean participants with one of three hypothetical conditions, in which their best friend: i) spent most of their time with a new friend, ii) shared mental coordination with a new friend, or iii) spent most of their time and shared mental coordination with a new friend. We replicated the expected effect in this novel context: Friendship jealousy was evoked more strongly by the threat of losing mental coordination with a friend than by just losing time spent with them, and friendship jealousy was higher for women than to men. We discuss the implications of these findings in order to understand friendships evolutionary basis and psychology, as well as other close relationships, and other types of non-pathological jealousy.

A cue presented during Pavlovian extinction may help the recovery of the extinction memory, for which is called an extinction cue (EC). Pavlovian conditioning has been useful as a model of different behavior disorders and extinction as a model for their treatment. Extinguished responses may be recovered under different circumstances, akin to a relapse. Hence, it is important to strengthen extinction memory retrieval. There is contradictory evidence of the effectiveness of ECs to this end. There is also little information about the magnitude of response recovery prevention when using ECs. The magnitude of the ECs effect on response recovery was analyzed by a meta-analysis that considered possible sources of variance in the EC effect. The included studies were gathered mainly through scientific database search engines. Selection criteria included experiments that used a Pavlovian extinction and recovery procedure with an EC test. Effect size was calculated for each relevant experiment. Thirty-seven studies were included. These analyses showed that there is a robust effect of an extinction cue in reducing response recovery, d = 0.71, 95% CI [0.58, 0.85]. This effect is higher when a spontaneous recovery procedure is used and when the experiment is done with non-human animals. Interestingly, the type of control group did not affect the effect size. These results are robust under different statistical analyses, although a publication bias was detected.

In our species, the formation and maintenance of romantic partners is a nonrandom process. In this sense, similarity between members of the couple can be relevant for the beginning of the relationship (i.e., assortative mating) and maintenance, being similarity in attractiveness one of the most interesting aspects of this phenomenon. Despite that similarity in attractive traits has been documented, there is a lack of studies including modern morphological measures like fluctuating facial asymmetry or body fat percentage when assessing the effect that similarity in attractiveness could provoke on behaviors and feelings necessary to maintain a long-term relationship (e.g., satisfaction and trust). We assessed the presence of similarity in attractiveness for self-perceived measures (attractiveness and mate value) and physical traits (body fat percentage, body mass index, and fluctuating facial asymmetry) in a population of 196 heterosexual young couples from Chile (n = 392). Then, using actor-partner interdependence models (APIM), we assessed whether satisfaction and trust within the couples were influenced by attractiveness. Our results indicated the presence of similarity for all studied traits with the exception of fluctuating facial asymmetry. In addition, we only found that self-assessment of attractiveness is important for satisfaction in women, and partner's physical attractiveness is important for satisfaction and trust in men. Our results suggest that similarity in attractiveness is not playing a major role in affecting relationship. It is probably that similarity could be better explained from the initial stages of relationship, where the mating market forces conduce to the conformation of similar couples.