Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Worldwide, plastics industry is one of the most relevant productive sectors for generating employment, satisfying needs, and solving sanitary problems, among others. However, it generates a high negative impact on the environment, which causes health problems for humans, not only in its manufacture (due to the emission of greenhouse gases) but also due to the plastic waste generated for decades. Currently, plastic waste pollutes rivers, slopes, streams, oceans, and other marine and terrestrial ecosystems. In the last 65 years, the increment of plastics outpaced any other manufactured material. An estimated 8.3 billion metric tons (Mt) of virgin plastics have been produced to date. In Ecuador, this situation is not different. Production, consumption, and generation of plastic waste has grown uncontrollably; for this reason, generation and application of regulations that rule the behavior of society is absolutely necessary and urgent. In this study, Ecuadorian regulatory framework is analyzed. It is also shown how Ecuadorian regulatory framework supports the transition from a Linear Economy to a Circular Economy in the plastics sector. Circular Economy is a global solution to the great pollution that plastic has generated for decades. In addition, this study shows an analysis of the Ecuadorian progress in the context of sustainability from the generation of Circular Economy policies. A case study was carried out based on the plastics industrial sector, as well as the level of application of the Ecuadorian policies (law and regulation). In conclusion, despite having a regulatory framework on the application of Circular Economy, it is not implemented. At a general level and in the plastic sector, initiatives, projects and alignments are aimed only at promoting recycling and the incorporation of post-consumer recycled materials in the manufacture of single-use products. This practice has fostered a comfort culture preventing society from applying of Circular Economy principles. Ecuadorians must initiate their cultural change not only in the integral management of waste but also applying production and import policies. These policies must be aligned with compliance with the principles of the Circular Economy and sustainable development.

The identification and evaluation of the risk of explosiveness and fire starts with the information of the infrastructure and areas of the Camp of the GAD Province of Pichincha, identifying the risk factor and the processes at the camp service station, with this, an evaluation is carried out through the application of 2 methodologies: NFPA and DOW. The risk assessment determined by NFPA that the service station represents a high level of repercussion not tolerable for the Camp; the risk assessment by DOW determined the existence of an explosiveness and fire risk index of category important, since area 1 is a mixed area in which 2 fuel supply pumps are located and 2 intakes for the transfer of fuel to the tanks of catering. Additionally within the area of influence of the E/S an important socio-environmental scenario is evidenced, by the presence of the Blanco River, vegetation cover and property adjoining private, in the event of a major accident, given by the fire-explosion risk index that would produce fuel spill, with knowledge of the radius and area of exposure, a synergistic effect would be generated in the environment Therefore, an evaluation was carried out based on Leopold methodology which resulted in a critical level environmental impact for soil and water resources (section of the Blanco River) as well as for fauna and landscaping, of severe level for the flora resource and adjoining property north and finally moderate level for air quality and ornithofauna.

A common problem in masonry walls is moisture. Glue and plaster mortars can act as an impermeable barrier, reducing costs in future repairs. To determine the influence of synthetic polypropylene and natural fibers of cabuya (Furcraea Andina) (treated with paraffin) on the permeability of mortars. The depth test of water penetration under pressure (UNE-EN 12390-8) and the capillary water absorption rate test (ASTM C 1585-04) were performed. For which mortars (cement and sand) and mortars (cement, lime and sand) were manufactured with additions of polypropylene and cabuya fibers of 12 mm, in percentages of: 0.15%, 0.3% and 0.5% of the mortar volume. It was determined that polypropylene and cabuya fibers increase the depth of water penetration under pressure, even more so if the mortar contains lime. On the other hand, the addition of 0.15% polypropylene fibers, 0.15% and 0.3% cabuya fibers, decrease capillary absorption in the mortars (cement and sand). Similarly, the addition of 0.3% cabuya fibers decreases the capillary absorption rate of mortars at an initial stage. Lime mortars tend to absorb water at a higher rate in the initial stage, and in the secondary stage their absorption rate decreases compared to cement and sand mortars. Additionally, the simple compressive strength test was performed at 28 days. All mortars exceeded the resistance of 5.2 MPa established by the NTE INEN 2518 standard, for N-type mortars. The mortars with 0.3% cabuya fibers, reached the best resistance, the mortars (cement and sand) with 7.905 MPa and the mortars (cement, lime and sand) with 7.517 MPa.

The system of co-management and co-administration of public services known as governance has been widely discussed in terms of its dimensions, but so far, no analysis of the process has been established. This is the case of the relationship between governance and elections. It is in the electoral contest where the conflict between the parties begins due to the preferences, intentions to vote and votes of the electorate. The rulers propose increases in rates for those who can pay them, but suggest subsidies and forgiveness for vulnerable sectors. The differences between the rulers and the ruled reveal a governance expected by the parties involved. The objective of this work has been to confirm the factorial structure reported in the literature. Two studies, one exploratory and one confirmatory, were conducted during the 2021 elections in the context of the Mexico City pandemic. The factorial structure of the Expected Governance Scale of Carreón (2020) was established, establishing three factors: expected resolution, perceptions of agreements and expectations of responsibilities, although the research design limited the findings to the analysis sample, suggesting the extension of the model to other moderating factors such as leadership.

This article is part of the Hydrocarbon Policy Guidelines that it is proposed to implement for the 2021-2025 period and refers to the Exploration and Development Chapter. This chapter sets out the general lines that the Government should address and implement in order to guarantee the search for hydrocarbons, increase reserves and the management of oil fields in the national territory, which contribute to the supply of national demand, export and the income of foreign exchange, as a substantial part of the country's economy. Based on these Hydrocarbon Policy Guidelines, the corresponding Plans and Programs must be developed, as well as the necessary economic-financial and engineering studies, in order to specify the actions and projects that require their implementation.

The presence of birds in urban habitats is one of many efficient bioindicators that can be considered for environmental quality in a study area, and even more so in conservation areas. The same ones that have different ecosystem resources, which attract certain species, however, it is important to point out that the richness and abundance of urban avifauna varies according to the characteristics of the area under study. In order to identify the different species that are found within the city of Manta, to obtain a baseline of the urban avifauna that inhabit two green areas of the city, it was carried out in the months of September, October and November of the 2021 monitoring in La Madre Park and in the Flora and Fauna Conservation Area of the “Eloy Alfaro” Lay University of Manabí. The methodology used was point counting, selecting two points in the first area and one point in the second study area. As a result, the monitoring of 5,997 individuals was obtained in the Parque de La Madre, while in the Flora and Fauna Conservation Area, 4,555 individuals were recorded, obtaining a total richness in each study area of 19 and 20 species, with 12 common species.

The main objective of this work was to analyze the freight and mining transport activity in seven works in the “El Guayabo” sector, Santa Rosa canton, El Oro province, in order to show what are the main failures that occur in this task as part of the mining work cycle analysis that includes tasks as: drilling, blasting, ventilation, loosening, cleaning of all work front, loading and transport of chopped material.In the loading and transport task analysis, total length from the material extraction work front outside of mine through ridge to the mineral collection center or to the mineral dump, through topog raphy, has been considered conditions of the transport routes, obstacles that appear in roads or gallery section, execution time of the loading and transport task, the personnel employed number, the equipment and vehicles type used, and depending on these the gallery dimensions, curves, inclination and cant of ways. The mining works analyzed in the “El Guayabo” sector, show four main technical complications. As consequence of these complications causes workers to increase their physical effort and prolong working hours, which causes an increase in work risks and an increase production costs in contrast to the economic recovery sought. As a result of the loading and transport task analysis, it is proposed to improve the terms design of four technical complications.

As there are no standardized methodologies for drilling fluid design based on rock characterization, reference well fluid review, rock-fluid interaction, our goal is to obtain the best formulation in each section, which is specific to each field, which must be compatible with the formations being drilled. Methodologically, the steps to obtain the best formulation compatible with the formations in which they are drilling are described; characterizes the rocks of geological formations such as: undifferentiated tertiary, Orteguaza, Tiyuyacu, Tena and Napo, distributed in three sections 16”, 12 ¼” and 8 ½”, through parameters: capillary suction time, cation exchange capacity, erosion /dispersion, accretion and linear swelling, they provide information on the reactivity of the formation, subsequent selection of formulations in reference wells and evaluation in rock-fluid interaction tests. e results established a parameter to evaluate and rank test performance based on contribution to fluid performance, technology, accuracy, and test repeatability, with 1 being the lowest priority and 3 being the highest priority.

Light pollution, catalogued as a type of environmental degradation, has been little or no studied in Ecuador, but at international scale it has been amply discussed, evidencing its effects on astronomy, energy, economy and human beings, but also and mainly on nature, finding artificial light at night (ALAN) in all its presentations as the main responsible. This article begins with a brief review of the theory related to light pollution. It then presents the results of scientific research carried out in the last decade (2012 - 2022) on the effects of this problem on the existing flora and fauna at the international scale. A compilation of the research carried out at the national scale is also presented. As a result, the serious problems faced by the existing flora and fauna due to the direct or indirect interference of ALAN in the natural processes of development, motion, reproduction, predation and feeding in different species of fauna and flora are known, finding, within the first group, insects and birds as the most affected and studied. At the national scale, only 4 studies have tried to approach this problem, focusing on insects and mammals within the fauna, but studies on the flora have been nonexistent. There is a great niche of study for the academy, public and private sectors of the country, whose results would allow proposing the creation of specific politics and norms for this type of environmental degradation. The departments mentioned above are invited to promote interdisciplinary studies to learn about the effects that ALAN is having on flora and fauna.

For the development of this research, the first step was to identify the mechanical risks in the different work stations by means of questionnaires and interviews, which were applied to the workers of the work crews, with the objective of knowing the most important risks in: machines and tools, work surfaces, confined spaces and hoisting means; work places where accidents, occupational diseases, damage to property and alterations to the environment can occur on a daily basis. As a second step, the mechanical factors of occupational hazards were measured using William Fine's method and then evaluated to establish the degree of danger according to the proposed conditions. From the study carried out of the Identification, evaluation and prevention of mechanical risks in the CCDC 37 petroleum drilling drill with emphasis on the specific jobs, the number of risks for each one was obtained. The last step of this study is the prevention of mechanical occupational hazards and the probable alternative solutions to the detected risks.