Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Jatropha curcas L. is an oleaginous plant that presents high potential for biofuel production, but little is known about the cultivation techniques of this species, mainly in relation to the production of quality seedlings, which leads to high survival rates in the field. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of young Jatropha curcas plants cultivated in soils with different textures under controlled conditions of greenhouse conditions in the municipality of Patos, Paraíba. The effects of five substrate compositions (treatments) were evaluated: 100% river sand; 100% clay soil material; 50% river sand + clay soil material 50%; 75% river sand + 25% clay soil material; 25% river sand + 75% clay soil material. The treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design with five replications. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, number of leaves and dry mass of roots and shoot were determined. The results of the present study show that young jatropha plants respond differently to soil texture variation; in general, important parameters such as stem diameter and shoot dry mass showed some sensitivity to the substrate with more clay. Considering a positive effect for most of the evaluated parameters, the substrate composed of 75% clay soil material and 25% river sand was the one that provided seedlings with better quality.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of clove oil (eugenol), benzocaine and sodium chloride on the induction, return time and survival rate of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during the transport simulation of 5 hours. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 9 treatments in three replicates: Treatment 1: control, Treatment 2: benzocaine 20 mg / L, Treatment 3: benzocaine 40 mg / L, Treatment 4: eugenol 3 ml / L, Treatment 5: eugenol, Treatment 6: eugenol 3 ml + 5 g salt, Treatment 7: eugenol 6 ml + 10 g salt, Treatment 8: 5 g / L salt, Treatment 9: 10 g / L salt. No significant difference was observed for immediate survival rate, survival rate between 24 and 48 hours. In relation to the induction times, those were lower and significant for benzocaine 40 mg / L, eugenol 6 ml / L and the association between eugenol and salt (6 ml / L + 10 g) in comparison with other treatments. The return times of the anesthetics benzocaine 40mg / L, eugenol 6 ml / L and conjugation between eugenol and salt (6ml / L + 10g) were lower in relation to the treatments with lower concentration. The survival rate demonstrated satisfactory results in all treatments. However, benzocaine at 40 mg / L concentration was considered the most effective anesthetic for tilapia because it presented shorter induction and recovery times.

The Sapindus saponaria L. it is a species that possesses propagation just for seeds and her germination tax is relatively moderate the drop. Therefore, it was aimed at to evaluate different treatments pre-germinating in the overcoming dormancy of the numbness of seeds of this species. The work was driven in atmosphere protected in the Federal University of Campina Grande, in Pombal, Paraíba. The seeds were desinfested with hipoclorito to 2% for five minutes, washed in running water and submitted to the following treatments pre-germinating: intact (witnesses - T1) seeds; manual escarification with aid of sandpaper of water nº 100 on the opposite side to the micropyle (T2); chemical escarificação through the immersion in sulfuric acid to 98% Shovel, during 10, 30 and 60 minutes (T3, T4 and T5, respectively) and physical escarification through the immersion in hot water to 80 ºC for five minutes, following by thermal shock in cold water to 5 ºC for more five minutes (T6). A completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were submitted to the emergency tests in sand, index of emergency speed, plant height, root length, mass dries of the aerial part and of root and percentage of hard seeds. The job of the manual scarification with sandpaper of water nº 100 on the opposite side to the micropyle of the seeds is the treatment recommended by being simpler and of larger efficiency, seeking the preservation of the physiologic quality of the seeds and a better vegetative development.

The commercialization of milk without heat treatment or sanitary inspection control is prohibited by law in all over the country, but it happens in some small cities. It is important to evaluate the milk in these localities, as it will be consumed by the population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological diagnosis and the index of water addition in samples of raw milk commercialized in the city of Pombal (PB). Three samples were collected from each of the five commercial sites (A, B, C, D and E) between May and June 2017. They were obtained in sterile containers and evaluated for Coliform parameters at 45ºC (NMP/mL), presence / absence of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. (UFC/mL) and total count of Mesophyll Aerobic bacteria (CTM) (UFC/mL). The addition rate of water was determined using the Master Classic Milk Analyzer. All samples presented Coliforms at 45ºC (> 110 NMP / mL), presence of Salmonella sp. And Escherichia coli, In addition to high counts of Staphylococcus spp. (3.13 x 10 2 at 2.65 x 10 5 UFC / mL) and CTM (2.30 x 10 4 at 3.91 x 10 5 CFU / mL). Samples from locality B had a water addition index of approximately 5%. We concluded that the raw milk marketed in the city of Pombal (PB) during the period of the research was out of the microbiological standards for all analyzed parameters, besides the existence of fraud by addition of water in the samples of the locality B, being improper for consummation.

Ice cream is a great source of energy. Among the most consumed food in the world, it has fat and sugar as main ingredients in its composition. Due the seek for healthier food, the food industry has been driven to formulate new products that offer quality together with a good nutritional value. The present work aims to develop ice cream formulations replacing the vegetable fat hydrogenated by green banana biomass, and sugar (sucrose) by sweetener sucralose. With the prepared ice creams, we carried out the physical analyzes (texture, melting, color and ° Brix) and physical-chemical (moisture ph, acidity, lipids, sugars total, reducing sugars and ash). The values obtained for the analysis of moisture, ph, acidity and ash were consistent with the legislation for formulations analyzed. Regarding the melting test, the ice cream prepared showed good resistance. In the texture and overrum analysis, samples that replaced the vegetable fat by biomass banana Green and sucrose by sucralose were the ones that required the bigger strength to extrusion (parameters texture high) and also obtained largest incorporation of air (overrum). Between the differences, it can be noted that the use of banana Green biomass intervenes significantly in the contents of lipids of the ice cream as well as its structural arrangement. The results found for analysis of lipids were three times smaller for formulations that used green banana biomass as a substitute fat hydrogenated, which proves the nutritional benefits of pulp. Finally, the formulation that used sucralose as a substitute sucrose got final value of total sugars and reducing sugars lower compared to the default formulation.

Jatropha curcas is a perennial plant and appreciable concentrations of oil in its seeds. The objective of this work is to evaluate the growth and development of jatropha plants in response to different fertilization recommendations regarding organic matter and phosphorus under irrigated conditions. Was conducted experiment potted conditions in a randomized block design with four replications and one plant per plot, to evaluate the growth and development of jatropha plants in response to different fertilizer recommendations as to organic matter and phosphorus in irrigated conditions. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination 4 x 4 factorial consisting of 4 recommendations of organic fertilizer: without fertilization (0 t ha-1), recommended dose (4 t ha-1), one and a half the recommended dose (6 t ha-1) and twice the recommended dose (8 t ha-1), and 4 phosphate fertilizer recommendations (absence of phosphate fertilizer (0 kg ha-1), recommended dose (90 kg ha-1), one and a half the recommended dose (135 kg ha-1) and twice the recommended dose (180 kg ha-1). We evaluated the growth at 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 days after transplanting for containers, by measuring the plant-1 height, stem diameter, number of leaves plant-1, plant-1 leaf area and total number of branches plant-1. The recommendation of organic and phosphate fertilizer suggested by soil analysis laboratory (4 t ha-1 of organic matter and 90 kg phosphorus ha-1) was insufficient for growing jatropha plants. The isolated use of organic matter in jatropha crop fertilization promotes positive effects on all growth variables.

The Bodocongó weir located in the city of Campina Grande - Paraíba, has suffered anthropic actions over the years that contribute to the degradation of its waters, but also degrade the environment to which the weir is inserted. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the environmental degradation in the surroundings of the Bodocongó weir, diagnosing the water quality through parameters such as pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. The study was conducted in July 2016, so measurements were performed "in loco" of these parameters three times a week with the aid of digital electronic devices. The analysis of the environmental degradation around the weir was carried out by observing the phenomena that contribute to the deterioration of this aquatic ecosystem. The results obtained for the evaluated parameters show that the dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids are outside the recommended standards, reflecting the contamination of these waters. Therefore, anthropogenic actions such as effluent and solid waste disposal, as well as vehicle washing at the banks of the dam, intensify environmental degradation in this area. Environmental education followed by public policies aimed at the recovery of this area are necessary and urgent instruments for the Bodocongó weir to recover natural physical, chemical and biological conditions.

The study of green manures has shown a great potential in the recovery of soil productivity and among the several legumes used as green manure, stands out crotalaria. The objective of the present work is to describe floral morphology and reproductive phenology, as well as characterize the reproduction process, fruit predation and seed germination of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth (Fabaceae). The study was conducted in an agroecological cultivation area in Araras (SP). Ten individuals were tagged and monitored for phenological observations. Floral visitors were observed throughout the experiment period, noting the frequency, time and duration of their visits. The flowers are grouped in bunch-type racemes, present the typical formation of Papilionaceae family, with corolla of yellow color, being the average portion of the standard with brown lines, which acts like guide of nectar. The anthesis is diurnal, characterized by the distension and reflection of the standard, and the duration of the flowers is approximately five days. Regarding the breeding system, the species is selfcompatible, but has a preference for cross pollination, with Xylocopa sp. effective pollinator. For the germination test, seeds from the predated and non-predated fruits were used, obtaining the percentage of germination for C. spectabilis of 86.57% and 56.67%, respectively.

The current society's dependence on new manufactures, energy and other consumer goods has the consequence of increasing industrial activities, and when not managed correctly cause impacts to the environment. As a way to mitigate or prevent these impacts, National Environmental Council Resolution 237/97 deals with environmental licensing. However, the work of environmental agencies to put the resolution into practice is still fragile. The purpose of this study was to verify the performance of the competent state agency regarding the issuance of licenses and infraction notices for enterprises located in the municipality of Cajazeiras, Paraíba. In order to do so, a data survey was carried out in the Platform of the Superintendency of Environmental Management to verify emissions of environmental licenses and assessments in the period from 2004 to 2017, seeking to synthesize the available data and identify the main licensed ventures, as well as the types of projects that are the most taxed. By analyzing the data, the tax assessments issued resulted in a total of 90, a number considered relatively low for the 14-year period, and gas resale, gas stations and bakeries were the most taxed. Regarding the environmental licenses issued to Cajazeiras, they were accounted for in platform 625, observing a relatively low number of Preliminary license issued in relation to the others. In general, the data indicate the need to adopt more effective measures by the state environmental agency, in order to contribute to the environmental regularization of activities or enterprises.

The increase in consumption of healthier foods has improved the organic fertilizers market. Aspects related to research on its agronomic quality are important in order to ensure the public health as well as environmental preservation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability of the chemical composition of commercial vermicompounds. The experimental design used was completely randomized, with five treatments, represented by samples V1 (commercial vermicompost S), V2 (commercial vermicompost SS), V3 (commercial vermicompost B), V4 (commercial vermicompost V) and V5 (commercial vermicompost A), each one with three replicates. The analyses of pH, total organic matter, ash, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, carbon/nitrogen ratio and vermicompost mineralization index were performed in triplicate. The results showed that the commercialized vermicompost presents a great variability in their chemical composition and do not comply with the Brazilian organic fertilizer legislation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, regarding the total organic matter content and carbon/nitrogen ratio. The lack of information regarding the physical and chemical composition in the product packing is a promoter of the empirical application of vermicompost in farming and should be avoided.