Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The study of financing in the agricultural sector in Mexico should be a constant practice forcing to create innovations or changes of strategy in governmental policy. For this consideration, was examined how it has evolved the placement of credit in development banks: Rural Finance and FIRA during the period from 1990-2010. Materials and methods: it examined official data on the behavior of financing to rural sector: behavior of planting and harvested surface by state, as by major crops in each agricultural cycle. The results reveal that funded amounts have been increased, however, the financing granted have not shown an increase in the participation of the south and southeast regions from Mexico. It is conclude that most of little and medium producer have no access to credit, those carrying out their activity in the traditionally most lagging regions.

Based on the needs, interests, practices and knowledge of human populations, there has been shaped and maintained the genetic diversity of maize (Zea mays L.). Special uses of this resource have determined selection criteria for domestication, and have gained importance in the field of conservation of plant genetic resources, to be also a way of generating income to families. A special use of maize is constituted by the "tlayuda" tortilla over 30 cm in diameter and "long" shelf life; famous in Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico, using mostly grain from ball race. The objective of this work was the morphological characterization of 108 accessions of maize obtained in 17 locations from Zimatlán Districts, Ejutla and Ocotlán in Central Valleys of Oaxaca in 2011. Nine traits from the cob and grain were considered, five relations between these traits. It was applied a principal component analysis, cluster and using UPGMA grouping and as similarity measure was employed the Euclidean distance average. It was observed the formation of three major groups with preponderance of ball race accessions, but also, presence of Pepitilla and in less extent Tuxpeño. The variability found, refers to the presence of racial complexes. It is possible to suggest that the result of this study allows the discrimination or racial inclusion in the preparation of tortillas tlayuda and propose criteria for a possible designation of origin of such product and thus favor the preservation of native maize.

The cucumber once collected at commercial maturity, begins to experience rapid metabolic changes tending to senescence and death of tissues. Postharvest handling contributes in maintaining the quality of the product to the final consumer; within the major postharvest problems, is the loss of turgor, and other physical and chemical changes that detracts the appearance and final quality; the degradation rate of fruit has different behavior according to storage conditions, as well as driving conditions. In the present study, were evaluated postharvest qualities of three cultivars of fresh cucumber, Zapata, Constable and Lider, coated and uncoated with a commercial plastic film Cryovac® RD 45, stored for 15 days at room temperature. Every three days, was measured weight loss, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity, TSS, titratable acidity-TSS relationship and content of chlorophyll a, b and total. Weight loss was less than 1% in the three cultivars of cucumber with plastic film and about 8% in the three cultivars without plastic film. The titratable acidity-TSS relationship turn out not to be an indicative of quality. The Constable cucumber with plastic film remained the highest content of chlorophyll a, b and total until the end of the storage period. The Lider cucumbers with plastic film recorded the best chemical characteristics of TSS, citric acid, pH and titratable acidity-TSS relationship.

For the largest bean consumption in low-income sectors in Mexico and lack of availability of commercial varieties; this study was conducted in 2011 in San Mateo Otzacatipan, San Nicolás Guadalupe and Metepec, to evaluate 12 agronomic traits in 36 populations of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) collected in the State of Mexico, in order to select populations with outstanding phenotypic characteristics. The experimental design was randomized complete block with three replications. The data analysis through the locations was done as a series of experiments in space. The experimental plot consisted of three rows of 4 m length and 0.80 m width. Significant differences were detected between populations (G), among environments (A) and G x A interaction in 11 variables. In SNG were recorded the highest average in seed weight and yield components; populations 36, 1, 5 and 7 were the most outstanding. These four populations could be used in a breeding program or technology generation.

The experiment was conducted in an Andosol soil in the community of Peñuela, municipality of Zinacantepec, State of Mexico in 2009, with the objectives: a) evaluate the yield of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar Fianna, in response of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels, with commercial fertilizer and b) estimate optimum economic levels for limited and unlimited capital. Nutrient levels subjected for evaluation were: 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 kg ha-1 of N, 00, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 kg ha-1 of P205, and 00, 70, 140, 210 kg ha-1 of K20. 18 treatments were designed, which were evaluated in an experimental design of randomized blocks, with four replications; responses to N, P205 and K20 were verified with the Turrent graphical method. The results indicate better yield capability in treatments four (34.3 t ha-1, 300-350-70 kg ha-1 N, P2O5, K2O) and seven (33.7 t ha-1: 150-250-70 kg ha-1 N, P2O5, K2O), both statistically different from the other treatments (α< 0.05), with a variation coefficient of 25.9%. The optimum economic of unlimited capital was located in treatment four (300-350-70 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O), with a higher net income. The optimum economic for limited capital, was located in treatment seven. It is conclude that there is a yield response associated with optimal doses by the use of ammonium diphosphate, phosphonitrate and potassium chloride in the study region.

The consumption of meat is important for the human being, due to the protein benefits of high biological value that this food contains. In addition to income there are other variables such as social deprivation, which also determine the consumption of meat. Identifying meat consumers in economic groups will help to understand the relationship between income and social deprivation with the consumption of this good. In July of 2014, an exploratory survey was conducted with a sample of 429 Mexican families the data are of a mixed nature, supported by a questionnaire of 43 questions, of which 20 were designed under the methodology of multidimensional measurement of poverty of the CONEVAL, in order to detect the index of social deprivation of the consumers surveyed. An F test was applied to check homogeneity of variances in the weekly consumption of meat of the three economic groups detected (vulnerable due to social deprivation, moderate multidimensional poor and extreme multidimensional poor). Finally, the Student’s T test was carried out to check whether there is a difference in meat consumption between the three economic groups. The results showed that there is indeed a difference in consumption for beef, pork and chicken between the vulnerable group due to social deprivation and extreme multidimensional poverty with a t of 2.8254, 2.686 and 2.2367 respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that, in effect, social deprivation and income directly influence the weekly consumption of meat.

In the state of Sinaloa, soybeans are one of the few crop alternatives during the summer; therefore, its reactivation is being reconsidered. The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn, Biotype ‘B’) was one of the main causes of the reduction of soybean growing areas in Mexico as a result of direct damage to flower production and plant yield, as well as of the transmission of geminiviruses. During the summer of 2013-2014, a total of 11 soybean varieties were evaluated to determine the incidence of viral diseases in the Valley of Culiacán and Valle del Fuerte, Sinaloa, Mexico. Symptomatology, amplification of DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis of amplified fragments confirmed the incidence of yellow vein virus of huasteco pepper (PHYVV) in soybean grown in the west of Sinaloa, Mexico. Sequence analysis showed 100% of nucleotide and amino acid identities with respect to the PHYVV1GMES isolate from Mexico (GenBank accession number KT022087). This is the first report on the emergence of PHYVV in soybean in Mexico.

  In Mexico grows the interest of castor oil plant production for the production of castor oil and biodiesel. There are few varieties released in Mexico, most are imported at a high cost, so the evaluation of elite materials that could be used for planting is of great importance. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the agronomic behavior of sixteen materials (T) of castor oil plant in a seed cycle with respect to regrowth under conditions of the dry tropics in Morelos, Mexico. In the seed cycle, the flowering of early genotypes occurred 40 days after sowing (dds) and the later ones at 72 dds. The T8 genotype had high values in plant height (4 m) and stem diameter (8.3 cm); on the contrary, T10 showed low values: 2.3 m and 4.1 cm, respectively. The T1 presented fruits with greater width and length, 2.7 and 2.5 cm and seeds of 1.8 and 1.4 cm. In the seed weight per plant, T1 obtained the highest value with 866.6 g and T12 the lowest, with 171.1 g. The materials T1, T2, T3 and T4 obtained better results in the regrowth cycle, showed little reduction for plant height, stem diameter, number of shoots, length and width of fruit and seed, number of bunches and fruits, weight of one hundred seeds, total weight of fruits and seeds per plant. The average of the regrowth cycle with respect to the seed cycle decreased 19.3% in the registered variables. The best production cycle was obtained in the first harvest from seed.

In the central zone of Mexico, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is planted under transplant and in direct sowing under irrigation; most varieties have been released for transplant. In 2005, one of these lines was used as a parent and continued with the generational advance to F5. In 2011, a preliminary performance test was carried out on several groups of lines, around 256 materials, from which C14Za06 was identified as outstanding (currently, Var. Morelos A-2016). In 2014 and 2015 different lines were evaluated in performance trials in the towns of Zacatepec, Jojutla, Emiliano Zapata, Mazatepec, Coatlan del Río and Cuautla, Morelos state; in addition to the commercial witness Morelos A-2010. Of the evaluated materials, C14Za06 stood out for its yield superior to 10 t ha-1, moderate resistance to pyricularia, high tolerance to grain staining, semi-erect growth habit, plant height of 130 cm, resistant to lodging; industry performance of 57% whole polished grain; conserving the Morelos quality (20% of white center).

The statistically correct handling of compositional data requires log-ratio transformation whereas the multivariate technique of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) assumes a normal distribution of the transformed variables. In addition to other requirements, both these aspects were considered for proposing five new discriminant function diagrams based on log-ratios of five high-field strength elements – (TiO2)adj, Nb, V, Y, and Zr. A representative world database of 1877 analyses of basic and ultrabasic magmas from four tectonic settings of island arc, continental rift, ocean-island, and mid-ocean ridge, was used. After identifying discordant outliers in log-transformed ratios using single outlier tests, 1793 analyses proved to be normally distributed in terms of the following four variables: ln(Nb/(TiO2)adj), ln(V/(TiO2)adj), ln(Y/(TiO2)adj), and ln(Zr/(TiO2)adj). Use of LDA of the complete dataset of 1877 analyses divided into 1477 analyses for training set and 400 for testing set provided high success rates of 78.5–92.2% and 81.7–93.0% for the discrimination of the four tectonic settings based on the training and testing sets, respectively. However, using LDA of the normally distributed 1793 analyses divided into 1393 for training set and 400 for testing set, we obtained new diagrams that showed still higher success rates of 80.2–93.5% and 84.0–94.0%, respectively. The advantage of fulfilling the requirement of normal distributions of log-ratio variables resides in the observation that an overall net gain in success rates of 0.5–3.3%  was achieved when the LDA was correctly applied to discordant-outlier-free log-transformed ratios (1793 analyses) than to the complete data set (1877 analyses). The application of these discrimination diagrams to ophiolites from Taitao Peninsula (southern Chile), Gabal Gerf complex (northeastern Africa), Jormua (northeastern Finland) and Macquarie Island (southwest Pacific) indicated tectonic setting of mid-ocean ridge, transitional between island arc and mid-ocean ridge, mid-ocean ridge and continental rift, respectively. Although only a few rock samples from a study of south-central Sweden could be identified as mafic, the present diagrams indicated an arc setting for this area. The application to three case studies from Turkey, being a country with highly complex geological history, suggested continental rift setting for Kula Quaternary basic volcanic rocks, inconclusive evidence for Jurassic volcanic rocks from eastern Pontides, arc setting for Tauride belt ophiolite, and continental rift setting for East Anatolian and Dead Sea fault zones, the latter application being based on probability calculations for each sample without any need to plot the samples in the discrimination diagrams. The use of normal discordant outlier-free samples of log-transformed ratios from each area in our new discrimination diagrams reinforced these conclusions for all areas, providing somewhat better discrimination in those cases in which such discordant observations were observed. We suggest that the new diagrams be used for tectonic discrimination of basic and ultrabasic rock samples that are confirmed to have discordant outlier-free normally distributed log-transformed variables. Basic and ultrabasic character of the rock samples could be determined from computer program SINCLAS and the discordant outliers of log- transformed variables identified from DODESSYS, whereas the use of new diagrams proposed during 2004-2011 would be facilitated from program TecD.