Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

This article deals with a historiographical review focused on primordial titles elaborated in the viceregal period, as inexhaustible sources in understanding the historical reality of the Indians towns. Likewise, it presents an analysis of the content of the primordial title of Xicalco, which is integrated by pictographs and writing. It has been problematized about the circumstances of its elaboration, based on the historical memory of the ancient foundation and its long-term significance. The originality of this work lies in the fact that the content of this manuscript has not been studied, a discourse that seeks to demonstrate and corroborate the ancestral origin of this third-generation population. The latter forms the narrative that emphasizes the recognition of the space of the people and of the patron saint, both as an instrument of identity and legitimation of its existence as a political corporation. Thus, we have verified that the inhabitants of Xicalco, through the primordial title, dated 1640, and the 2018 Declaration, recovered the historical memory to ensure their power over their land. During the viceroyalty they had to face the advance of the Spanish farmers, on the territory of ancestral inheritance; in the 20th century they faced intra-urban immigration, the sale of land and communal assets that threatened the customs of the inhabitants of Xicalco. For this article we have consulted two primary sources, one of them located in the General Archive of the Nation (AGN), the primary title of San Miguel Xicalco, which is part of the branch Collection of Documents and Land Titles that were transferred to this site from the Secretariat of Agrarian Reform of Mexico; the second is the Declaration of the original towns of San Miguel Xicalco.

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Studies on the climatic history of America in the 16th-17th centuries, in the Hispanic-American historiographic academic field, have not been sufficiently addressed until today with regard to the interpretation of the documentary sources, or proxy-data, produced in those centuries. This situation is mainly due to the fact that climate reconstruction studies have focused on scientific or “direct” sources, such as dendrochronology, and the analysis of soil sediments or glacier layers, methods that provide empirical information on the variability of a historical period for which no scientific records are available. However, there are various categories of historical sources that allow the climatic reconstruction of an era according to the subjective descriptions left in them, since they express a multiplicity of perspectives on how the climate was understood and interpreted in the “being-in-the-world” of the subjects in the 16th-17th centuries, periods belonging to the so-called Maunder Minimum of the Little Ice Age. For this reason, this article is intended to be an introductory study, or a reference manual, on the types of scientific and historical documentation that exist for the construction of the climate history of the first two centuries of the colonial period of America.

This research studies in an interdisciplinary way the processes of occupation, settlement and productive development that were generated in a district in the south of the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) to account for the prolegomena of the Argentine agricultural boom in the context of frontier productive expansion Latin American at the beginning of the First Globalization. From an approach to the frontier as a diverse and complex process that pays special attention to local dynamics in the construction of new territorialities, the process of occupation and access to land in Tres Arroyos is thus described. Secondly, it is studied how the process of agricultural takeoff on "new lands" took place. Finally, the archaeological evidence of these societies is shown based on the information provided by some rural settlements. It is concluded that, as in other regions with 'new settlement' economies, on the eve of the export boom, the south of Buenos Aires after a public land policy that was determined by the need to control the territory in the face of indigenous danger and a series of incentives for production began a path of exponential growth until the beginning of the First World War. With innovative and detailed sources, the work shows how the different socioeconomic sectors of the agricultural and livestock sector performed in this original stage.

From the last decades of the 19th century and during the first half of the following century, the feminization of the primary teaching profession was consolidated as a generalized phenomenon in several Latin American countries. This article comparatively analyzes this process, identifying the material and symbolic factors that made possible the growing number of women primary teachers in in Argentina, Uruguay, Peru, Ecuador and Chile. Methodologically, this work is based on the analysis of documents and sources of various kinds, such as censuses and statistical compilations, ministerial reports, and memories of the ministries of public instruction. The comparative study of these sources allowed us to identify two main trajectories of feminization of the teaching profession: on the one hand, an early feminization process, related to the expansion of national education systems and the consolidation of the so-called Estado Docente. On the other hand, a delayed process of feminization was recognized. This was linked to more decentralized school systems and with greater influence from the Catholic Church. While the first trajectory is represented by the cases of Argentina, Uruguay and Chile; the second trajectory includes the experiences of Peru and Ecuador.  

This article aims to understand the structuring of the baptismal co-parenthood (“compadrazgo”) network in the La Cañada parish, Province of Maracaibo, Venezuela, in the second decade of the republican period (1834-1841), and to evaluate the importance of this connecting link in the generation of social capital and social cohesion in the parish in said historical time. Additionally, the structural differences between said network and the network of baptismal co-parenthood generated in the parish at the end of the monarchical period are compared, in order to infer possible differences in the structuring mechanisms of the relational fabric and the generation of social capital in the parish in both historical times. The methodology of Social Network Analysis (sna) is used for the structural analysis of the network. It is found, among others, that the baptismal co-parenthood network generated in the second republican decade had a lower degree of integration and structural cohesion in comparison with the equivalent network generated at the end of the monarchical period, which would indicate that by the years 1834-1841 the role of baptismal co-parenthood as a generator of social cohesion in the parish had somewhat eroded. It is argued that this could have been related to changes in the social reproduction strategies of the parishioners, more specifically, to changes in the modalities of alliances as a consequence of the new forms of sociability of the republican period. The main primary sources used in the investigation were a population census of the parish carried out in the year 1834, and the marriage and baptism records registered in the ecclesiastical books of the parish in the years 1834-1841.

This article addresses the way in which the peoples of Morelos adapted to a new legal system emanating from the 1857 Constitution, during the years prior to the Zapatista revolution. The resistance they manifested through legal fissures to preserve their community life is addressed. The case of Jovito Serrano de Yautepec is an example of the relationship that the residents maintained in the new model of justice that allowed them to generate various strategies to dispute the possession of their productive space against the haciendas and thereby strengthen their political consciousness becoming a direct antecedent of Zapatismo by involving various communities in the defense of their territory.

The return of third wave democracies in the late 1970s and early 1980s still constitutes a period of analysis in force for Latin American countries. Specifically, comparisons are fruitful, such as the one we propose between the historical and economic processes of the Argentine and Bolivian postdictatorships in 1983 and 1982, respectively. Analyzing the political and economic variables that hampered the birth of the democracies that are still in force today in both countries becomes an important historiographic bet to shed light on these processes as some keys to the present. It has been concluded that, despite the significant differences between both societies, the historical moments that Bolivia and Argentina went through in the eighties, allow us to extract comparative lessons to understand the difficult process of democratic transition.

In the years immediately after the Revolution, a group of Catholics who had participated in politics with the National Catholic Party again sought, through different means, to bring Catholic ideology into public policy. Among them, a small number self-styled intransigent spared no resources to do so. The armed uprising of the years 1926-1929 has often been seen as a reaction by Catholics against the legal provisions that stifled the actions of the Church. But, was it really the consequence of this or rather of the convictions of a group of politicians that was willing to go to the last consequences in their struggle? In the letter now presented there are indications of the latter possibility.