Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

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In the transition from the 19th to the 20th century, intellectual movements and trends of all kinds (socialism, anarchism, regenerationism, spiritualism, krausopositivism, etc.) converged in Europe, together with artistic trends such as aestheticism, decadentism, symbolism, literary modernism, expressionism, etc., as a reflection of the spiritual state of the time, with an anti-bourgeois and profoundly anti-positivist attitude. This intellectual and cultural hatching is known under the expression "fin de siècle" and is associated with the aesthetic currents, influenced by the Nietzschean philosophy, which will be grouped under the expression "art noveau"; diverse currents among themselves but coinciding in their discriminatory attitude towards women. In this paper we analyze their influence on the birth of a new feminine stereotype, linked to a particularly ominous and exaggerated image of evil, which will end up populating through the artistic and literary bohemia of the time the aesthetic imaginary of the twentieth century. Now the rejection of the new woman takes place in the field of image and words. 

The interest of this research lies in rethinking theories of International Relations in light of the US failure in Afghanistan. It is not an exhaustive analysis of the conflict itself, but an attempt to understand the conflict from (neo)liberal, (neo)realist and critical theories. My conclusion is twofold, on the one hand I propose and argue that, just as (neo)liberalism and (neo)realism are ultimately based on a kind of epistemological and ontological eclecticism when planning actions in international politics, emancipatory critical theories should opt for a critical materialist eclecticism – beyond idealistic exceptions– in order to overcome the theoretical-práxico fractionalism of social movements and subaltern states; On the other hand, I affirm that the failure of the US in Afghanistan and the advent of the Taliban was due, among other things –permanent insecurity, widespread corruption and malpractice by the occupying troops– to the ignorance of the cultural subjectivity of the Afghan population, which revolves around Islam and its irrationalist precepts.

Currently, there is a global level of an interesting group of legal norms that recognize or grant to nature or a specific ecosystem, the status of Legal Personhood and whose purpose is environmental protection and conservation. In turn, this award or recognition has also been carried out through the judgements of the higher courts. The motivations may vary, depending on whether that ecosystem is conceived as a living being or as a protectable patrimony. In this article, cases of Latin America, North America, Oceania and Asia will be approached to finally provide some conclusions based on a comparative analysis regarding the main features and their possible effects.

This article presents the results of a survey carried out in December 2020 in which a questionnaire was answered by Basque university youth on the topic of the legitimization of ETA terrorist violence. Contrary to previous surveys, this study was carried out after the official dissolution of ETA in 2018. 1,067 valid responses were obtained from young women and men between 18 and 25 years old residing in the Basque Country. The results confirm that most of the answers reject the use of violence as a political tool, but the youngest generations and those who identify themselves as only Basque express less forcefulness and less determination in the delegitimization of the existence of ETA.

The paper makes visible how the resistances and struggles of indigenous women in Latin America involve processes of construction of human rights by confronting various logics of domination: neoliberal capitalism and colonial domination and the patriarchy that sustain it. Using the critical theory of human rights, less focus is placed on the normative-institutional and legal-positive level that predominates in the hegemonic conception of human rights, and more attention is paid to civil society as the basis of human rights, so that social mobilizations are one of the important components in the process of constituting rights.

The role of women in the Modern School, a pedagogical experience from the beginning of the 20th century, and basically and internationally known for the execution, in 1909, of its creator, Francisco Ferrer Guardia, is an interesting research topic. Added to this, and perhaps even more important, is to know how an egalitarian education was transmitted -and if it really happened-, how it faced an archaic society in multiple ways, through coeducation of girls and boys, and with specific publications within the Modern School Bulletin, the journal of this educational place.

The Accademia dell’Arcadia was, since its creation, an excellent omen for women who wished to practice writing. The Arcadia writers formed a large group that, although within the imposed canon, stood out for the quality of some of its components to the point of becoming part of the male anthologies not only at that time, but also in later centuries. However, not everything was positive, since talented poets whose lifestyle did not match the style that their founders wanted to impose at the Arcadia were left out of the institution. At least Cristina Dudley and Teresa Zani, among others, saw their poetic work recognized in various anthologies.