Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

El procediment de mediació simple, o també anomenat anàlisi d’efectes directes i indirectes, està dissenyat per analitzar l’efecte d’una variable mediadora en la relació entre una variable independent o explicativa i una altra de dependent o explicada. Process és una interfície aplicada a SPSS que permet fer aquests procediments d’una manera senzilla i ràpida. L’objectiu d’aquest article és explicar de forma clara i amena com es fa una anàlisi de mediació simple amb Process, interfície/macro per a SPSS, que permeti a qualsevol investigador iniciar-se en els procediments de mediació, àmpliament estesos sobretot en ciències socials. Els resultats obtinguts mostren clarament l’existència d’un efecte indirecte sobre la satisfacció amb la formació en línia mediat a través de les actituds cap a la formació. L’ús d'aquesta eina permet de manera ràpida i amb una fàcil interpretació l’aplicació de models de mediació i la comprovació de diferents proves un cop han estat recollides les dades.

Aquest text, en primer lloc, fa un breu recorregut pels avenços legislatius internacionals a favor de promoure la inclusió educativa amb la finalitat de respondre a la crida mundial de cuidar el dret humà de la igualtat en l’educació. En segon lloc, pren la Xina com a cas particular per mostrar els èxits i desafiaments de l’educació inclusiva, i n’analitza els documents legislatius i administratius. A continuació, per aprofundir més en l’estudi, es porta a terme una investigació en un dels centres educatius de la província de Sichuan, a la Xina, amb l’objectiu de conèixer la realitat de l’educació inclusiva a la pràctica, utilitzant la guia de l’Index for Inclusion. Finalment, a partir de les realitats presentades es comenten algunes conclusions sobre la situació actual de l’educació inclusiva a la Xina i s’ofereixen possibles consells per millorar-la.

The article focuses on the construction of a new cathedral in Santiago de Chile during the mid-18th century, to replace the one existing until then. Considered a significant episode in the history of Chilean colonial architecture, the new cathedral exhibited functional, technical and representative conditions, which diverge from the one that had preceded it. The article seeks to highlight the dimension and meaning of this urban and architectural operation, made evident in the change of orientation, the dimensions and the internal organization of the new building. At the same time, it refers to the relationship of the new temple with its urban context. The proposedhypothesis is that the decision of building of a new cathedral responded, in addition to economical and ecclesiastical reasons, to the 18th century urban conditions and to the will of getting a new urban presence of the Church. Both its building features, as well as those of a representative character, propose a new relationship between the temple and the city. This was possible due to the cultural, economic and technical development happened during the second half of the 18th century in Chile, and can be related to more general reforms promoted by the Spanish Empire.

2017 marks the 40th anniversary of the publishing of the work of Nicanor Parra Sermones y Prédicas del Cristo del Elqui (1977). The following essay analyses this work, consummation of high-modernism poetry, evoking, in chronicle style, the historic city in which it was generated and released: a city of Santiago halfway between the Virgin of the San Cristóbal hill and the Entel tower. Forty years of distance between that vanished urban landscapeand us. Meanwhile, between the already agonic “literate city” of that time, in the shade of the dictatorship, and the present shining city, “leader in connectivity”, the hegemony of exchange-value saturates every space of visibility and use-value (the private and singular history of bodies and objects) is retired forever from circulation. In 2014, on the occasion of celebrating the hundredth birthday of the poet, a huge wooden finger crucifix was installed in the main hall of the Biblioteca Nicanor Parra of the UDP. In the next analysis, this brand-new vestige of the Voy & Vuelvo montage that hangs to this day, functions as a symptom of the post-historic Santiago, whose most conspicuous monument is the gleaming Costanera Center tower while the Entel tower becomes its most important modern relic.

In the framework of the academic discussion on urbanization and the recent urban growth trends of the main Chilean cities, this paper aims to analyze and characterize the case of the Greater Valparaiso given its metropolitan status and its relevance in the national context. In order to do so, satellite images, building permits and work commutation data are used in order to delimit its territorial extension and functional relationships, characterizing the growth experienced by this metropolitan area between 1992 and 2012. The main conclusions obtained from this analysis show that Great Valparaíso experiences multiple urban growth trends characterized by simultaneous processes of diffusion and compaction of its urbanization, generating a com-fuse urban structure, as in other Latin American cities.

This article analyses three different representations of Santiago of Chile produced around 1850 by the U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition lead by Lieutenant James Melville Gilliss: a panoramic view from the summit of the Santa Lucia hill, a plan of the city and a written text. The purpose of this analysis is to identify the urban understanding that —we think— underlies. With this aim, we studied their organization, and put them in relation to other representations of the time, in order to observe their levels of verisimilitude. This isan attempt to investigate the ability of certain images to penetratethe knowledge of what they intend to represent, in this case, a specific city. This capacity can be associated with the notion of intelligibility, which denotes the interpretation of the underlying structure in space. How did the crew members of the Astronomical Expedition observe and understand the city of Santiago from the newly installed observatory on the summit of the Santa Lucía hill? In the first place, they were guided by the new ethos of the scientific practice: the observation; a strict methodological rigor and the instrumental support of their own discipline, astronomy. But they were by no means insensitive to identifying other kinds of order, or indifferent to more subtle modes of organization, since they also understood that the new order of the capital city of the nascent Republic was a consequence of the formation of new institutionsextending out into the territory, shaping a new kind of space, as it is well understood today.

The city and the urban society materialize in time and space a system of power relations and mechanisms of exchange, which evolves through changes in the collective imaginary, the transformation of institutions and the material restructuring of cities. This article proposes a theoretical framework that integrates these perspectives with the objective of understanding how contradictory urbanization processes are articulated in Chile, identifying similarities and disputes related to public policies and social movements, since the last dictatorship until today. This study integrates and extends theories of social and institutional evolution in order to problematize the discussion of secondary sources, participant observation and cartographic analysis. The evidence thus obtained supports the thesis that recent transformations in Greater Santiago have been strained by neoliberal policies that have established dominant incentives for competition, while negating social imaginaries based on a complementary principle of cooperation and dismantling the corresponding incentive structures. We argue that this ideological confrontation can be overcome with long overdue institutional reforms, in order to generate an incentive structure capable of fostering participatory and intersectoral policies, without implying the abolition of established incentives for competitiveness. Several participatory programs implemented in the last decade, which have in common a strong urban or territorial component, have generated relevant knowledge that could inform the design of institutions capable of fostering competitive and cooperative practices in a more balanced way.

The need for more dense and vital cities has been promoted by academia since the 1960s and by international organizations since the 1980s. On the other hand, the last census showed that the district of Santiago started gaining population, a process not seen since 1970, while peri-central districts exhibit high real-estate dynamism. In spite of this, the densification of residential areas is increasingly resisted by traditional residents, for whom the high-rise tower, the typical way to densify cities in Chile, is a detriment in their quality of life. The present work provides an alternative model to the traditional form of contemporary residential densification in Santiago, one that promotes higher degrees of urban vitality and a closer relation between private and public space. An exhaustive compilation and analysis of what was built in the last ten years in a sector of San Miguel, in Santiago, allowed us to identify the main trends of real estate development in the area in terms of building height, type and size of flats and ways of relating to the street. This allowed us to build a ‘trend scenario’ for the area. At the same time, an ‘alternative scenario’ was proposed for the area, one with a closer contact between the building and the street, decreased average heights and a densified interior of the blocks. This scenario punished the constructability of the area by 18%. The alternatives were shown and discussed with applicants to programs DS 49 and DS 50, in two focus groups. The results show that approximately half of the applicants preferred the alternative scenario over the trend-based one, arguing that the former gave a better control on the street. It seems therefore, that innovation in urban architecture is feasible technically and politically. We argue that in order to do so, urban instruments should incorporate a more comprehensive vision of the city, not only aiming at achieving certain density thresholds and heights, but also incorporating aspects that promote street vitality. Also, the feasibility of applying some incentives to private developers for the development of architectural proposals is discussed.

The present article reviews the gallicism “poster” and its etymological evolution, from its transformation of meaning to its current definition. With this aim differentauthors from various centuries in France are compared, who assigned several meanings and roles to the Gallicism “poster”. However, the term almost from its beginning had an informative and political use, which later evolved until it acquired a propagandistic role in the nineteenth century and a political meaning from the First World War onwards. Regarding the methodological aspects, this work used secondary sources, the majority of them from the French language. Many of them and their definitions or commentaries were confronted under a present viewpoint, from the first source there is knowledge of using the term, in 1606, to the contemporary aspects exposed by the historian Phillips Meggs. It can be observed that the role of the poster as a means of propaganda or publicity has had a long history which finds its first signs as early as the sixteenth century, and often responds to the technical availabilities of each time. Also, because of its environment the poster is born as a necessity of urban communication, and independently of its context exhibits characteristics as a means of political propaganda, and as a way of expression of the prevailing ideologies of its time. This article expressly leaves outside the commercial and publicity aspects, focusing on the political role of the poster.