Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The objective of this article is to analyze the Accession Protocols of the WTO and observe in what extent they contribute to higher levels of rule coherence, in the path for the constitutionalization of the multilateral trading system. According to the literature, the constitutionalization process flows in both directions: on one hand, there is a migration of regulatory functions endowed with constitutional inspiration— from the domestic to the multilateral field; on the other hand, this constitutionalization process returns to the domestic field, in the form of obligations that must be met by WTO members. To that end, first a revision of literature about international constitutionalism as an emerging debate is carried out. Second, the accession process is analyzed. Third, Accession Protocols available in the WTO database are analyzed to bring final remarks.

This document reviews the recent ammendments of Articles 79, 116 and 122 of the Mexican Constitution. It identifies and evaluates the inconsistencies generated by the reforms of May 26 and 27 of 2015 regarding the guiding principles of the audit work performed by the Federal Audit Office (Auditoría Superior de la Federación) and subnational audit offices. My hypothesis is that both reforms have created a contradiction between the above mentioned articles in respect to the principles of annuality and posteriority. In addition, these reforms also missed the opportunity to resolve a longstanding inconsistency with the principle of definiteness. This article concludes putting formard a proposal for three reforms to Articles 79, 116 and 122, respectively, which will give more coherence and balance to the Mexican Constitution, and above all, will give more legal certainty to both audited entities and auditing bodies.

Resumen: La comisaría de Policía Nacional de Irun, ciudad situada en la frontera entre los Estados españoles y franceses, en comparación con otras comisarías de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco, tiene los datos más altos de arrestos de extranjeros en situación irregular. Aunque es común encontrar controles policiales cerca del entorno fronterizo esto choca con la idea de eliminación de fronteras en el Unión Europea. El lugar donde estaba la barrera fronteriza ha sido ocupada por un peaje de automóviles construido con una estructura muy particular: con cámara de vigilancia, con garitas para policías, etc. El 70% de las personas detenidas en el Centro de Detención francés de Hendaia en 2015 fueron capturadas en la frontera. Además, los datos de readmisión fronteriza entre los dos estados, en virtud de un acuerdo firmado en 2002, son algo contundentes: 1500 personas han sido expulsadas de media anual (6.000 a lo largo de la frontera).  Este estudio de caso de la frontera hispano-francesa pretende ser un estudio exploratorio de una temática desatendida: las fronteras internas. La regulación en estas áreas es diversa. Muchas excepciones y especificidades se aplican, paralelamente o alternativamente a las normas ordinarias de inmigración de los Estados miembro. Teniendo en cuenta todo esto, tenemos que repensar el imaginario de una Europa sin fronteras que se afirma en el Acuerdo de Schengen. Las fronteras interiores de la UE nunca han desaparecido sino mutado en un modelo de gestión policial de las fronteras internas Abstract: The police station in Irun, a town on the border between the Spanish and French States compared to other police stations in the Basque Country has the highest data of arrests of foreigners in irregular situation is concerned. It is normal, since it is common to find identity police controls near the border surroundings. The place where the border barrier was once was occupied by a car toll constructed with a very particular structure: as a border, with cabins for police men. In addition, the data of border readmission between these two states, under an agreement signed in 2002, is something to look at with special attention: 6.000 people deportaed along the Northen border. 70% of the people detained in the French Detention Centre of Hendaia in 2015 were caught at the border. This case study of the Spanish-French border will put some light in a disregarded topic and object: the internal borders. Regulation in these areas is diverse. Many exceptions and specificities apply, parallel or alternatively to the ordinary immigration rules, as a matter of exception of the Law. Considering all this we need to rethink the imaginary of a borderless Europe stated by the Schengen agreement. Following Balibar in “What is a border?” (2005) the controls multiplied all along the territory as a kaleidoscopic vision. The EU internal borders never disappeared but mutated into a police managed modelo of internal borders.

Resumen: El texto realiza un análisis de las  tendencias del Derecho en la globalización, como consecuencia de las transformaciones operadas en las maneras de entender el sentido y la naturaleza de la soberanía, poniendo énfasis en la  dimensión paradójica que presenta el derecho en la UE en relación-tensión con el derecho constitucional de los Estados. Las relaciones jurídicas se han hecho mucho más complejas como consecuencia de la irrupción del inevitable pluralismo en la manera de entender el Derecho. Es lo que vamos a denominar como Pluralismo Constitucional, que en sus propias maneras de producción, distribución y aplicación opera según la lógica de la red, haciendo más complejo e interdisciplinar la interpretación de cualquier práctica jurídica. Abstract: In this paper we will proceed with an analysis of trends in the globalization of law as a result of the transformations in the ways of understanding the meaning and nature of sovereignty, emphasizing the paradoxical dimension has the right in the EU in tension with the constitutional right of states. The legal relationships have become much more complex as a result of the inevitable emergence pluralism in the way of understanding the law. It is what we call as Constitutional Pluralism, which in its own ways of production, distribution and application operates as a network, making it more complex and interdisciplinary the interpretation of any legal practice. Some of the changes and transformations that occur as a result of this new paradigm of Legal Pluralism will be some of the scope of this writing.