Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

During 2010-2019 amaranth has been cultivated in at least 11 states in Mexico, in Mexico City is grown in the municipalities of Xochimilco, Milpa Alta and Tláhuac, highlighting Xochimilco for harvested area and production with 82.9 ha and 91.7 t which represents 60.4% and 55.6% respectively. The objective of the research is to know the form of production and commercialization of amaranth in Tulyehualco, Xochimilco to identify and propose improvement actions. The information was obtained through the application of a survey through a non-probability sampling for convenience, with the criterion of selection of individuals who were willing to be surveyed, and the survey was applied from September to December 2019, to 35 producers, 3 marketers and 4 transformers. The production of amaranth is carried out in two ways, by means of chapin and directly, by its traditional way of producing it the crop is ancestral in those areas, so there is a millenary knowledge of the families that are dedicated to the planting of the crop. Amaranth production has a positive cost benefit ratio R (B / C), however in direct sowing production this is better. Planting with a seedbed (Chapin) has higher costs and yield, however, this does not compensate the producer in profits. For a potential impact at the amaranth production level, the adoption of technologies related to density, nutrition and technical recommendations for pest and disease control.

Objective: To determine the proximal and mineral composition analysis of of castilla squash seeds (C. moschata), green pea (P. sativum) and pinto saltillo green bean (P. vulgaris). Design/methodology/approach: The contents of macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, crude fiber, protein, and ash) and micronutrients (minerals) of the evaluated species were determined using the AOAC standard procedures, and the quantification of minerals was performed by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. A variance analysis and means comparison were performed with Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results: The squash seeds with shells contain 291,500 ppm of protein, 417,000 ppm of fat, 66,700 ppm of carbohydrates, 134,000 ppm of crude fiber, 972,319.678 ppm of phosphorus, 3,380.09158 ppm of potassium and 3,183.2744 ppm of magnesium. The whole pea pod has 230,600 ppm of protein, 17,200 ppm of fat, 456,000 ppm of carbohydrates, 220,800 ppm of crude fiber, 5,438.18,991 ppm of phosphorus, 7,349.23753 ppm of potassium and 1,719.56882 ppm of magnesium. The whole green bean pods had a content of protein (185100 ppm), fat (2540 ppm), carbohydrates (377500 ppm), fiber (208000 ppm), phosphorus (6068.44661 ppm), potassium (15626.9991 ppm) and magnesium (17222.16567 ppm)). Study limitations/implications: Studies on the chemical characteristics of other agroindustrial residues should be carried out. Findings/conclusions: The foods analyzed have adequate characteristics to satisfy the demands with respect to some macronutrients and micronutrients. They can optimize the availability of nutrients in the generation of natural or synthetic foods that can change the future.

Objective: attest the main physical attributes from raw and grounded cladodes for two varieties of cactus prickly; cristalina y pelon blanco. Design/methodology/approach: measurements of physical features are made by employing confirmed and reliable techniques.Data will aid to explore the potential for this cactus material when being handled from simple to complex agroindustrial processes, with regards to; its need for size and quality for storage and their effect when they interact with processing instruments and handling apparatus for creating a new product. Results: physical attributes among the two cactus´ varieties showed slightly differences on parameters, but length, wide and electric conductivity Limitations on study/implications: there was not confirmed for cactus prickly production. Varieties ´attributes are as they come from the field. Findings/conclusions: mechanical conveyance of raw cladodes round the buildings is facilitated, it has less wear and maintenance and management costs are reduced. Flour equality from each cactus prickly variety wasapt for safe storage.

The objective: of this research was to analyze the use of antibiotics used in livestock and aquaculture activities developed in the Lower Jamapa River basin, to know the impact of these compounds on water quality and the risk to public health. Methodology: A survey was carried out among 60 farmers using a structured questionnaire with 41 open and closed questions during the year 2020; The use of key informants with experience in the livestock sector and familiar with the livestock farmers in the study area were interview. Results: The farmers profile was 95% men, and 5% women (2 women); 50% of the farmers know how to read and write and it was identified that 85% of the interviewees used antibiotics as preventive treatment for disease control, 8.3% applied vitamins and 6.7% used dewormers..Conclusions: There is great concern about the impact that pharmaceutical products can have in the water, even outside of it, it is necessary to carry out risk assessments based on the traditional responses of the fish, such as changes in growth or in the survival.

Objective: To evaluate during the raising of quail three brands of food, with different nutritional content, enzyme cocktails, particle size and presentation, in the variables of production, weight and length of organs, height of intestinal villi and cost of quail. Design/Methodology/Aproach: 300 mixed side dishes were used, three commercial starter foods of different brands (A, B and C) were evaluated. The response variables evaluated were food consumed (AC), total food consumed (ACT), live weight (PV), weight gain (GP), total weight gain (GPT), feed conversion (CA), total feed conversion (CAT) and mortality (MO), length and weight of organs, as well as the size of the intestinal villi and the cost of the quail (CC). An analysis of variance was performed using the SAS GLM procedure. Results: From week three the birds were sexed and the lowest AC and best AC (p<0.05) was for treatment A in both sexes. Carcass yield was not affected by treatments (p>0.05); the longest and heaviest proventriculus and gizzard (p<0.05) were for treatment B. Regarding the villi, it was found that the enzymes favored (p<0.05) their size. Limitations/Implications: The study shows that the size of the intestinal villi will be influenced by the type of enzymes that are used, the concentrations or the combinations of these. Findings/Conclusion: It is concluded that the presentation of the food influences the consumption of food. Enzyme cocktails improve the size of the intestinal villi.

Objective: To identify the exploitation and generation of economic income derived from the harvest ofescamol (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr), white worm (Aegiale hesperiaris W) and red worm (Comadiaredtenbacheri H), during an annual season.Design/Methodology: Surveys were applied to n=593 edible insect harvesters in n= 18 ruralcommunities, local authorities (ejido commissaries, auxiliary judges), buyers (intermediaries), andrepresentatives of the stockpiling company DELIZAC. The interviews were conducted in harvesting zones(field), at the time of the delivery of the product (stockpiling), and in the homes of harvesters selected assample in Pinos, Zacatecas, Mexico.Results: The prices per kilogram of escamol and white worm, during the 2020 seasons, was US$15.00,and for the red worm, US$25.00. The harvest of edible insects was 34.6 tons with an economic spill ofUS$572,800.00 showing a per capita average income of US$965.90.Study Limitations/Implications: The results of this study can be used to propose techniques that favorthe conservation, management, and sustainable exploitation of the three species of edible insects forinhabitants of the rural zones in central-northern Mexico.Conclusions: The harvest of edible insects in Pinos, Zacatecas, generates important economic income. Ofthe harvesters, 78.9 % were men, 13.7 % adult women, and 7.4 % children. Most of the harvestinglocalities lack permits to carry out the exploitation.

Objective: To identify the taxonomy of the lice of the family Trichodectidae present in a captive population of M. temama. Methodology: Lice were collected from 15 red brocket deer (M. temama) in captivity at the Unit for the Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use of Wildlife (UMA) El Pochote, Ixtaczoquitlán, Veracruz, Mexico. The deer were sedated and inspected in the ventral, inguinal, ears and tail areas to collect the lice, which were observed with bright field microscopy and electron microscopy and using taxonomic keys they were identified at the species level. Results: A total of 155 lice identified as Tricholiperus lipeuroides were collected from 8 females and 7 males of M. temama. The prevalence was 60% (9 of 15 deer had lice) and the mean abundance of 10 lice per deer. The inguinal and ventral areas were the areas of the body where the presence of lice accumulated the most. Implications: This study expands the knowledge about ectoparasites in M. temama in captivity and how the chewing louse T. lipeuroides adapts to new hosts. Although M. temama acts as an incidental host for T. lipeuroides, the deer did not show clinical signs such as hair loss. This information had not been reported in other studies and there are no previous case reports for Mexico. Conclusions: The presence of T. lipeuroides in M. temama is reported for the first time in the UMA El Pochote, Ixtaczoquitlán, Veracruz, Mexico, since by sharing some areas of the UMA enclosures with O. virginianus; red brocket deer became a host of T. lipeuroides.

Objective: The purpose was to evaluate the yield, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus, Jacq.) cv. Mombasa according to plant spacing and seasons of the year. Design/methodology/approach: The Mombasa grass was stablished at plants spacing: 25x25. 50x25, 70x25 and 100x25 cm between rows and plants, respectively, and broadcasting (traditional planting); and cutting in: cool, dry and rainy seasons. There was used a factorial split-plot design into randomized blocks, with four replications. Results: The dry matter yield (DMY) was equal (p˃0.05) in cool and rainy seasons and lower (p<0.05) in dry season (27.2, 27.5 and 12.7 kg ha-1 d-1, respectively). The crude protein (CP) increased at longer plant spacing (p<0.05). The regrowth of the dry season showed a higher (p<0.05) CP than cool or rainy seasons (10.5, 9.7 and 8.7%). The content of all fiber fractions, except lignin, did not differ between plant spacing (p>0.05). Limitations on study/implications: The season of the year affects the quality of tropical grasses. On the other hand, there is no information of plant spacing on the quality of Mombasa grass. Findings/conclusions: The highest DMY was in cool season at 75x25 cm and 100x25 cm. The regrowth of the dry season showed lower fiber content and greater in vitro digestibility, but lower DMY. To ensure proper yield and quality, it is recommended to establish the Guinea grass cv. Mombasa at longer plant spacing, such as 75x25 cm or 100x25 cm.

Objective: To determine the effect of blue light (BL) and red light (RL), applied five hours at the end of the day (AED) and that of temperature, on the flowering of Euphorbia pulcherrima var Valenciana. Design/Methodology/Approach: Three groups of plants were established under greenhouse conditions, all received sunlight (SL), AED one was under BL (460 nm) and another under RL (660 nm) with a photosynthetically active photon flux of 440 µmol m-2 s-1 and 550 µmol m-2 s-1 respectively; from the beginning of the experiment until 144 d later. In a second flowering cycle, residual effects of the treatments were evaluated. Results: In the first flowering cycle, the appearance of cyathia and bract pigmentation under BL occurred on average at 177.5 d after initiation of the treatments, and under RL at 178 d. Compared to the application of SL alone (138 d) the process was delayed, on average 39 and 40 d, under BL and RL, respectively. No residual effects of the treatments on flowering were recorded. Limitations on study/implications: It is necessary to evaluate other levels of temperature below and above the ones reported in this study, and also to increase and decrease the photoperiod. Findings/conclusions: The prolonged delay in flowering can be attributed not only to the quality and intensity of light, but also to the photoperiod and the daytime temperature above that documented for flower initiation in var Valenciana.

Objective: Elucidate the benefits that agricultural residues or stubble have in agricultural activities, this through a bibliographic and objective review that helps to make the actors of agricultural sector aware of the benefits and their correct implementation in production systems. Design/methodology/approach: Detailed review of scientific articles from the main academic databases and repositories. Taking into account aspects such as the use of stubble as plant cover; effects and changes in physical and chemical structure of soil; crop yield and use for livestock feeding. Results: The use of stubble has beneficial effects on agricultural activities. In agriculture it is proven that they have positive effects for the proliferation of beneficial organisms and assimilation of nutrients, which are easily absorbed by plants, consequently, crop yield is maximized in quantity and quality. In livestock sector, the stubble implement provides nutrients such as proteins, ashes and vitamins, which together with conventional diets, reduce production costs and improve meat and milk production. Limitations on study/implications: The repertoire of scientific articles of stubble is very broad, making it difficult to assimilate the information. In Mexico, particularly, more research is needed to inform farmers of the possible uses of stubble. Findings/conclusions: The use of stubble in agricultural activities generates benefits at ecological and economic levels, which ensure the sustainability and resilience of agroecosystems. Nutritional content of stubble is a function of the species and/or varieties of agricultural species. The lack of knowledge in the management of stubble leads to these being incinerated, releasing particles and toxic and polluting substances for the environment, further favoring the conditions for greenhouse effect. Keywords: stubble, vegetation cover, yield, sustainability, resilience.