Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

El texto que propongo para la discusión en esta mesa redonda comienza constatando la escasez de literatura pedagógica para la enseñanza de adultos en general, y para la enseñanza musical de adultos, en particular. La educación musical parece haberse concentrado en las cuestiones relativas a los primeros estadios del ejercicio musical, dejando así en un lugar secundario el desarrollo profesional de estas habilidades, así como otras formas del ejercicio musical que no sean directamente tocar, cantar, o componer.Propongo por esta razón, ampliar operativamente nuestro concepto de educación musical, teniendo en cuenta que cada veztendremos más alumnos adultos y que sus demandas se irán diversificando progresivamente: muticulturalidad, repertorios especializados, adultos en educación permanente, etc. Con el fin de precisar esta propuesta, y atendiendo a mi propia calificación profesional, planteo finalmente las diferencias epistemológicas existentes entre los conceptos de "educación musical" y "musicología", con vistas a discutir las posibilidades de confluencia entre ambas, ya que la vía para realizar la propuesta parece requerir un proceso de investigación.

En este artículo se presenta una descripción de los principales tratados para la enseñanza del Violín en su fase inicial publicados en el s. XIX a partir del análisis de sus contenidos educativos efectuado mediante una ficha creada y validada para este fin, que contempla aspectos didácticos y metodológicos, habilidades y destrezas motrices y auditivas, refuerzo del lenguaje musical y desarrollo emocional. Se pretende buscar la validez de estos tratados para la actual pedagogía del Violín, destacando los principales elementos presentes en una muestra significativa de catorce tratados del siglo XIX de enseñanza del Violín destinados a alumnos de nivel inicial. Entre los principales contenidos se encuentran la postura, la relajación, la sujeción del Violín y del arco, la graduación de dificultades y la producción de un buen sonido. Dichos avances han llegado a nuestros días y forman parte de los contenidos y procedimientos de enseñanza de este instrumento en la actualidad.

This paper gives the results of the research conducted at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) entitled «The language of the judges and the right of access to justice for persons in vulnerable situations. Pilot project». This research project aimed to explore the current state of judicial language written in family court proceedings and alternatives to improve their understanding. According to our hypothesis , the clarity of judgments in family proceedings involving people in a vulnerable situation, depends not only on the texts are drafted with syntactically and orthographically correct language, but other factors relating to the situation specific language of the target group of judicial decisions. The fieldwork of the research project was conducted in the Southern Judicial District of Lima. In this judicial district we conducted interviews with a group of judges and organized a workshop and reading comprehension test of judgments with a group of women belonging to a social organization. The results show a part that judges interviewed have severe difficulties to write clearly judgments that are directed to the citizens of vulnerable populations. Furthermore, it was found that test participants understanding of court rulings women do not understand the technical language of judgments and there is ample scope for simplifying and improving the texts. The research results have been organized into three sections. In the first one we present the theoretical framework of the research: the relationship between law and language, the concept of judicial language and the constitutional status of the right to language comprehension of judges. In the second section the place, purpose, method, results and conclusions of the fieldwork is exposed. Finally, in the third section, the main trends that show international experiences to address the situation.

The author investigates the regulations concerning money laundering in Chile and Argentina since its beginnings. He analyses the development and current law in both countries according to the doctrine in vogue and its relation with the organized crime and the extradition. He works with the questions of the legislative methodology and the problems of amplitude of the types of criminal offenses. The author concludes that, in spite of the different ways followed by the legislations of Chile and Argentina, the problems of amplitude are familiar to both. The solutions to these problems of amplitude doesn’t depend on adopting an imported legislative model but to make a restrictive interpretation of criminal law. Both the Chilean legislation and the Argentinian punish essentially the same crimes, except the negligent money laundering that is penalized in Chile and not penalized in Argentina.

The article examines a judgment of the Chilean Constitutional Court regarding the constitutional status of the lex mitior-principle (retrospective application of the milder criminal law). The problem examined is the determination of the margin of legislative discretion left by the constitutional entrenchment of the principle.

This article focuses on the enactment of the so called IMSI-Catcher under to the German Procedural Law (§100i StPO), and Constitutional Law. The IMSI-Catcher is a technical device designed by the Firm Rhode and Schwarz in 1996 for searching, identifying, and gathering the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI), the international mobile equipment identity (IMEI), and also for localizing users of a mobile telephone device connected the Network Global System for Mobile Communication (GMS). The legal framework of the IMSI-Catcher in Germany has been for a long time issue of hard debates around the specific legal provision under which the device shall be employed. In fact, before the current enactment of the IMSI-Catcher under §100i StPO, the device has been employed several times according the argument that the use of IMSI-Catcher lies on some general clauses of evidence (§§161 and 163 StPO) or on already enacted provisions about secrecy of communications (§100 «a», «b» or «c» StPO). This anarchic legal situation enabled the federal and local police, the secret service, and criminal prosecutors to employ the IMSI-Catcher not only in cases of terrorism, but also in a large set of criminal cases. Due to a set of reforms related to others very close connected legal prescriptions, e.g. §100g StPO, and some recent cases in the jurisprudence of the German Constitutional Supreme Court the legal analysis of §100i StPO has been modified. This article consists on a legal analysis of the before mentioned modifications.

The justifying «aggressive state of emergency» (section 34 of the German Criminal Code/StGB) is a challenge to liberal criminal legal Systems, as it imposes a legal obligation to tolerate an intrusion into his own legal sphere onto an innocent bystander. This obligation is traditionally based on the notion of «weighing of interests», which is, however, not convincing due to the utilitaristic structure of this idea. More recently, the topos of «solidarity» has replaced the traditional approach as a basis of legitimation, but this topos is not more than a mere catchphrase, as long as it lacks a reasonable justification. To close this justification gap, it is widespread to use prudential considerations. Accordingly, it is prudent for every citizen to agree on a rule along the lines of section 34 StGB with his fellow citizens, for the sake of minimizing his own risks of life. But this approach cannot convincingly answer the question regarding the reason for the obligation imposed by the «state of emergency» rules. Additionally, it falsifies the quality of legal wrong that a citizen commits by breaching his obligation during the state of emergency. Therefore, this essay suggests to see the «offender» who is justified by a state of emergency as representative of the State’s caring society (staatliche Solidargemeinschaft). The right to solidarity, that can be claimed by any citizen in a state of emergency, is directed against his fellow citizens as a whole, just as in all other cases of need through no fault of one’s own. The precise individual person the duty is actually imposed onto is merely a «transit station». Therefore, only such duties may be imposed onto him that can be compensated afterwards, and the community must also ensure that such compensation actually takes place.

In the Supreme Court an intense debate exists on the proceeds of the rule of the article 103 of the Penal Code in the crimes against humanity because of the prohibition that the Humanitarian International Criminal Law establishes for the full prescription of those crimes. The resolution of the controversy has happened for determining if the foundations of the prescription, specially of «need of sentence», are diverse or analogous to those of the so-called «half prescription».

The author suggests that we understand the problem of the principles in Prof. Em. Etcheberry’s Penal Code Project, as an issue about the origins or the beginnings of codification, rather than as an exploration of the values that underlie the specific rules contained in the project. This going back to origins should not be understood in conservative ways as a regression, but rather as a logical return to the conditions that allow us to understand criminal law as a practice that can inhabit the world of the law.

This paper provides a brief description of the state of affairs on the issue of implementation of fundamental rights of the citizens in administrative penalty procedures, based on some statements of the Chilean courts of justice. Here it is propose uprightly to abandon the search for a «supposed natural or ontological identity» between administrative offense and criminal offense. Under these assumptions, we conclude that a rational understanding of the tools that the administration has, to determine their duties, can finally help as a clarification of the historical relationship between administrative penalty and punishment.