Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba approved the Guidelines of Economic and Social Policy of the Party and the Revolution. The Guidelines, which bet on a mixed economic model with the presence of state-owned enterprises with non-agricultural cooperatives and self-employment, the latter, would be a so-called venture, seen as self-employment and small private property, but as a natural and not legal personality. The opening of these forms of property is done with the intention of unloading part of the state employment in them, at the time of shedding unproductive activities, which should lead to the increased productivity in the state sector. However, to fulfill this tas, the self-employment should achieve growth and function efficiently, so as to absorb employment, which is sustainable. This paper contributes to the analysis of the conditions for such activities that can have a healthy and profitable performance, from the perspective of its actors. The survey Global Entrepreneurship Monito (GEM) was applied do 60 owners business in Havana province that has the fundamental percent of this type of workers. The results of these surveys demonstrated their consideration about the influence of the environment for the development of entrepreneurship, motivation, success factors of business, and so on.While the results are not statistically generalizable, they show the direct criteria and perceptions that guide actors to make proposals for improvement and future research. The final thoughts turn to that while self-employment has absorbed employment, they are not given the conditions for the healthy maintenance of these enterprises, and at the same time, has not been its impact on increasing productivity in the state sector. 

This article aims to analyze the formation of Polish ethnic communities in Rio Grande do Sul, as structures of an ethnic school process developed in the middle of the 19th century and in the first decades of the 20th century. This research uses the theoretical references of Cultural History, considering the processual character of science and its contingency in the analysis of different sources in the construction of a narrative, using mainly the concept of ethnic identity process of Barth (1998) associated to Hall (2006). Ethnic identity is one of the sources in the production senses of representations of reality in the social imaginary. Cultural transformations in identity processes are an important element for the formation of communities and for the production of spaces and social realities situated in an established historical time. In relation to Polish immigration, the formation of communities allowed for the emergence of the educational process among immigrants and descendants, constituting a cultural group supported in the process of community formation.

From the recognition of the atypical nature of the Mexican armed forces, an attempt will be made to answer the question of whether the current administration headed by President Enrique Peña Nieto (2012-2018) is a change or, on the contrary, a continuity in the treatment that the Mexican political system reserves for the military and seafarers, especially by comparing its management with that of its predecessor, Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa (2006-2012), whose six-year term was marked by the so-called "war against drug trafficking" and the intensive use of the military component in the field of public security.

The Polish media does not report a lot on Brazilian politics, but that changed during the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. The article is an analysis of different sources of news and comments in Polish press and the Internet and tries to synthesize a comprehensive image of Brazilian politics, which was made available to the Polish reader in 2016. It concludes that this image is definitely negative and pessimistic, focuses a lot on corruption as the source of all problems, but rarely touches on the more subtle issues like inequality or racism. Moreover, it is clear that Polish journalists transfer their own political views onto their judgments about the impeached president.

This paper examines the social and political tensions that emerge regarding access, use and management of land and natural resources located in Indigenous lands. Specifically, the paper examines the tensions that emerge in three relations: ethnic, agrarian (land tenure) and environmental (use of natural resources). This article proposes a classification of ethnic, agrarian and environmental conflicts based on the case of the Lacandon Community [Comunidad Zona Lacandona (CZL)] which is located in the Lacandon Forest (Chiapas, Mexico), during the period 1972-2015. Data for this article comes from ethnographic field work conducted in the region in the years 2008 and 2015, interviews, census data (INEGI), and a review of the literature on the case study.

The work of Gilberto Freyre (1900-1987) is recognized as one of the most original and relevant interpretations of Brazil. His works, notably The Masters and The Slaves (1933), are continually revisited through countless critical balances, especially with regard to the issue of race relations in Brazil. Thirty years after his death, I seek in this article to analyze the actuality of his thought, seeking to point out which issues he throws at us that are still relevant to think about Brazil

It is surprising that in the 21st century a person cannot make decisions about their own body simply because of their gender. Well, this is a reality that many Latin American women continue to live with today, who see limited autonomy and freedom from the men of their environment. Access to health systems, decision-making about their reproductive work or even the possibility of receiving information about their sexuality are some of the points that in some Latin American regions are restricted because of traditions, customs or a lack of economic participation of women. This article reflects on the relationship and possible reminiscences that the historical negation of the female body could contribute to the current gender gap in Latin America.    

El presente trabajo pretende realizar un análisis del estado actual de la comprensión lectora en nuestro país. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo una revisión bibliográfica para definir el marco teórico de esta destreza lingüística  y se ha realizado una investigación con una muestra de 25 alumnos y alumnas del CEIP Jardín de la Reina (Granada). Este estudio ha consistido en la evaluación del grado de adquisición de la comprensión lectora por parte de estudiantes de los tres ciclos de Educación Primaria. Al analizar los resultados, se han tenido en cuenta tanto el curso de cada subgrupo de la muestra como los tipos de preguntas: inferenciales, de localización directa y de identificación de la idea general. Una de las principales conclusiones extraídas es que los resultados obtenidos en las pruebas de evaluación son ciertamente positivos y que este hecho puede estar motivado por el desarrollo de planes como el Programa de Mejora para la Comprensión y Expresión Oral y Escrita.

En esta investigación se pretende, en primer lugar, identificar los itinerarios formativos que el profesorado de Música sigue para el ejercicio de su docencia en Educación Secundaria, así como las aplicaciones TIC que utilizan en ella y, en segundo lugar, visibilizar la percepción que tienen del valor didáctico de las TIC en la enseñanza de la Música. Para dar respuesta a estos objetivos se utiliza una metodología de diseño descriptivo o tipo “survey” y se trabaja con una muestra de 53 profesores que representan al colectivo del profesorado de Música de Educación Secundaria en la Comunidad Autónoma Andaluza. La recogida de datos se lleva a cabo mediante un cuestionario, que es validado mediante juicio de expertos, y el análisis de estos datos se realiza a través del programa estadístico SPSS, aplicando técnicas estadísticas descriptivas. Los resultados obtenidos indican, por un lado, que los itinerarios formativos son diversos, predominando el itinerario de Musicología y Conservatorio. Y por otro, que la formación en TIC, es considerada por un porcentaje elevado de este profesorado, más del 90%, como insuficiente. En relación a los usos de las TIC en la enseñanza de la Música, se concluye que estos están asociados a metodologías tradicionales de enseñanza. Sin embargo, el profesorado valora positivamente el valor didáctico de las TIC en la enseñanza de la Música. Estos resultados son de interés de cara a formular políticas de formación del profesorado, así como para un mayor conocimiento del posicionamiento de este profesorado en la integración de las TIC  en la Enseñanza Secundaria.