Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

A espécie Artocarpus altilis produz frutos popularmente conhecidos como fruta-pão. São climatéricos e contribuem com quantidades consideráveis de energia e fornecer os principais nutrientes da dieta. Podem ser consumidos cozidos, fritos ou torrados e em processos tecnológicos tendo potencial para ser empregados em biscoitos e comercializados como farinha. Na literatura são poucos os trabalhos que relatem as características desses frutos, principalmente da região Nordeste. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar a biometria e as características físico-químicas da fruta-pão coletada no município de Santa Rita, Paraíba, Brasil. Foram selecionados 30 frutos firmes em 3 estádios de maturação, com pedúnculo, casca verde e amarelada, látex presente e livres de lesões. Os frutos apresentaram em média diâmetro externo transversal e diâmetro externo longitudinal de 15,98 (± 0,12) e 13,11 (± 0,13) cm, respectivamente, bem como massa média de 1,52 (± 0,06) Kg e firmeza de 66,80 (± 1,13) N. Quanto a composição centesimal apresentou valores de umidade, cinzas, proteína, lipídeos e carboidrato de 68,76% (± 0,02), 0,61% (± 0,01), 1,73 ± (0,00), 0,55% (± 0,01) e 28,35%, respectivamente, valor energético 125,27 Kcal, teor de amido de 24,68% (± 0,39), °Brix 2,01 (± 0,01), pH 6,4 (±0,01), fenólicos 0,023% (± 0,02) de ácido tânico e Aw 0,993 (± 0,00). De acordo com os resultados das físico-químicas, os frutos estudados apresentaram grande potencial para serem explorados comercialmente pela indústria de alimentos.Biometrics and physical-chemical characteristics of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)Abstract: The species Artocarpus altilis produces fruits popularly known as breadfruit. They are climacteric and contribute considerable amounts of energy and provide the main nutrients in the diet. They can be consumed cooked, fried or roasted and in technological processes having potential to be used in cookies and marketed as flour. In the literature, there are few studies that report the characteristics of these fruits, mainly in the Northeast region. In this way, the objective was to evaluate the biometry and the physicochemical characteristics of the breadfruit collected in the municipality of Santa Rita, Paraíba, Brazil. 30 firm fruits were selected in 3 maturation stages, with peduncle, green and yellow peel, and latex present and free of lesions. The fruits had a mean transversal external diameter and a longitudinal external diameter of 15,98 (± 0,12) and 13,11 (± 0,13) cm, respectively, as well as a mean mass of 1,52 (± 0,06) Kg and firmness of 66,80 (± 1,13) N. The centesimal composition presented values of moisture, ashes, protein, lipids and carbohydrate of 68,76% (± 0,02), 0,61% (± 0,01) , 1,73 (0,00), 0,55% (± 0,01) and 28,35%, respectively, energy value 125,27 Kcal, starch content of 24,68% (± 0,39) , 39), Brix 2,01 (± 0,01), pH 6,4 (± 0,01), phenolics 0,023% (± 0,02) tannic acid and Aw 0,993 (± 0,00). According to the physicochemical results, the fruits studied presented great potential to be commercially exploited by the food industry.

The high temperature and solar radiation of the tropical regions can burn and reduce the fruits size of the pineapple. An alternative to the farmers of this crop is the shading of the plants, providing the climatic conditioning. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the different shade conditions in the chlorophyll content and morpho-anatomy of pineapple leaves on fruit production. shading on the chlorophyll content, leaf morphology and anatomy, and pineapple productivity. The experiment was conducted in field and was of a randomized block design with four replicates of five treatments comprising 0% shading (pineapples grown in full sunlight), 45.0% shading (provided by adjacent cassava plants), 48.3% shading (provided by adjacent jack bean plants), and 30 and 50% shading (provided by shade netting). The anatomical, histological and biochemical characteristics of the leaves, along with the yield and percentage of sunburned fruits, were determined 16 months after planting the pineapples. Pineapples grown under natural shade provided by cassava or jack bean plants exhibited phenotypic plasticity with “D” leaves presenting trichomes of decreased length and vessel elements of reduced diameter. Under cassava shading, the thicknesses of the abaxial epidermis and chlorophyll parenchyma and stomatal density were increased, while the thickness of the aquiferous hypodermis and the percentage of sunburned fruits were reduced. Under jack bean shading, the thicknesses of the mesophyll, chlorophyll parenchyma and leaf blade were reduced. No significant differences in the yield of pineapple fruit were detected between treatments, although netting and shading by cassava produced significant reductions of sunburned fruit.

The production of cheeses from goat's milk comes up as an alternative to value added to dairy goat in the Cariri Paraíba, and cumaru (Amburana cearensis A.C. Smith), more specifically, its coarser, may be added to cheeses for the purpose of Sensory characteristics of different color, flavor and aroma. The present study aimed to standardize the process of elaboration of goat milk cheese seasoned with cumaru, in an agroindustry located in the city of Santo André - PB. The cumaru flour was submitted to the analysis of alcoholic extract, moisture, ash, insoluble ash, water activity and standardization of particle size.  The microbiological quality of the farina was verified through the analysis of total and long term coliforms and Salmonella sp. The elaborated cheeses were evaluated for their chemical and microbiological composition. After the standardization of the steps of obtaining the farina and cheese, it was possible to obtain a product with microbiological quality within the sanitary standards required by Brazilian legislation. The moisture and fat tenor are in accordance with the Technical Regulation on the Identity and Quality of Dairy Products, and the values found for the other parameters corroborate with those recommended in the literature. Therefore, the results obtained demonstrate the potential for increased consumption and the feasibility of cheese production.

The objective was to characterize the regenerating stratum of a Dense Ombrophilous Lowland Forest fragment, through evaluations of richness, structure and diversity. A total of 40 plots of 25 m² (5 m x 5 m) were allocated to estimate the natural regeneration rates per species for each class of plant size (RNC), in order to obtain the total natural regeneration index (RNT). The analysis was performed with individuals with CAP ≤ 15.0 cm and height equal or superior to 1.0 m. The height classes were pre-determined, where: C1 = 1.0 m-2.0 m; C2 = 2.1 m-3.0 m; C3 = > 3.0 m. We sampled 1197 individuals distributed in 81 species, 31 families and 51 genera. The Fabaceae family was richer, followed by Melastomataceae and Myrtaceae. The species Protium heptaphyllum was highlighted with the highest value of importance (VI), presenting 14.64% of the total of VI. The species that presented the greatest RNTs were: Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand, Thyrsodium spruceanum Benth., Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Miers e Brosimum guianense (Aubl.) Huber. In relation to the successional classification, there was a predominance of the species of beginning of succession, proving the young condition of the forest. The results show that the studied fragment presents a good regeneration capacity, allowing greater richness and diversity of species of the adult tree stratum in the long term.

In the midst of the country's water emergency, mainly in the northeastern backwoods, the water mains are consecrated as an effective means of transportation of water. The soil is widely exploited in the constructions one of the most influential corrosive means of the mains. Corrosion can cause cracks and ruptures of built structures causing economic and environmental damage. Aiming to prevent such incidents, the objective was the soil corrosivity was evaluated and the loss of mass in ductile cast iron pipes was monitored under the action of the soil. In the soil chemical analyzes, pH, Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Al, H, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC) were calculated and the sum of bases (CTC), percentage of saturation by aluminum (m%) and percentage of saturation by bases (V%). For soil corrosivity the Steinrath index was used, being analyzed pH, moisture content, resistivity, chloride and sulfate ions. The ductile iron tube mass loss tests were performed using soil samples as a corrosive medium, monitoring temperature, resistivity, and loss of mass by corrosion. The results showed that the soils are not very corrosive and the duct presents good resistance to corrosion, although they present loss of mass throughout the period of the use. It is possible to conclude that the soil in contact with the water transport ducts presents low aggressiveness.

A disponibilidade e usos da água na região Nordeste do Brasil, particularmente na região semiárida, continuam a ser uma questão importante no que concerne ao seu desenvolvimento. A população sofre com graves problemas acarretados pela escassez de água, que inviabilizam a produção agrícola e, consequentemente, a sobrevivência em condições dignas, gerando situações de fome e miséria. Objetivou-se identificar os efeitos da escassez hídrica na economia do perímetro irrigado de São Gonçalo no município de Sousa, Paraíba no período de 2012 a 2016. O trabalho foi desenvolvido através da aplicação de questionários com prévio consentimento da população entrevistada residente nos três núcleos habitacionais e no distrito de São Gonçalo. Também foram realizadas visitas ao Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas e à Agência Executiva de Gestão das Águas do Estado da Paraíba, para coleta de dados sobre a economia do perímetro, informações sobre produção e volumes do açude São Gonçalo. Ocorreram perdas com a produção de banana e, principalmente, de coco; aumentou o desemprego; logo, elevou-se o êxodo rural e a violência com alto índice de assaltos. A vulnerabilidade hídrica desencadeia outras vulnerabilidades: econômicas, sociais e ambientais, condicionando o desenvolvimento das populações do semiárido.Effects of water scarcity on the irrigated perimeter of São Gonçalo, ParaíbaAbstract: The availability and uses of water in the northeastern region of Brazil, particularly in the semi-arid region, continue to be an important issue in its development. The population suffers from serious problems caused by water scarcity, which makes agricultural production unviable and, consequently, survival in dignified conditions, generating situations of hunger and misery. The objective was to identify the effects of water scarcity on the economics of the irrigated perimeter of São Gonçalo in the municipality of Sousa, Paraíba, between 2012 and 2016. The work was developed through the application of questionnaires with prior consent of the interviewed population residing in the housing nuclei I, II and III and in the district of São Gonçalo. Visits were also made to the National Department of Works Against Drought and to the Executive Agency for Water Management of the State of Paraíba, to collect data on the perimeter economy, information on production and volumes of the São Gonçalo dam. There were losses with the production of banana and, mainly, of coconut; Increased unemployment; Soon the rural exodus and the violence with a high rate of assaults rose. Water vulnerability triggers other vulnerabilities: economic, social and environmental, conditioning the development of semi-arid populations.

A interferência das plantas daninhas, afeta os parâmetros de fisiológicos da cultura do feijão-caupi, com reflexo direto no crescimento e na produtividade. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a atuação de métodos de controle das plantas daninhas na cultura do feijão-caupi, identificando o mais eficiente, por meio do acompanhamento dos componentes de crescimento, sendo estes compostos de altura (cm), número de folhas, diâmetro do caule (mm) e os aspectos fisiológicos da cultura, pela coleta de dados da taxa de assimilação de CO2 (μmol m-2 s-1), transpiração (mmol de H2O m-2 s-1), condutância estomática (mol de H2O m-2 s-1) e concentração interna de CO2, com um analisador de gás infravermelho . O experimento foi realizado em condições de campo no Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus Pombal, Paraíba. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo os fatores: dois cultivares de feijão-caupi (BRS Marataoã e BRS Rouxinol) e quatro manejos das plantas daninhas (mecânico, químico, físico e sem controle). Os manejos químico, mecânico e físico, mostram-se superiores nos componentes de crescimento, não afetando tais características, sendo as trocas gasosas severamente afetadas.Physiological performance and growth of cowpea under weed managementAbstract: The interference of weeds affects the physiological parameters of cowpea culture, with direct reflection on growth and productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of different weed control methods in cowpea culture in order to identify the most efficient by monitoring the growth components, being these compounds of height (cm), number of leaves and diameter of the stem (mm) and the physiological aspects of the culture, by collecting data: CO2 assimilation rate (μmol m-2 s-1), transpiration (mmol H2O m-2 s-1), Stomatal conductance (mol of H2O m-2 s-1) and internal CO2 concentration, with an infrared gas analyzer. The experiment was accomplished under field conditions at the Center for Agro-Food Science and Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Campus Pombal, Paraíba . The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and four replications in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, being these factors: two cultivars of cowpea (BRS Marataoã and BRS Rouxinol) and four weed management (mechanical, chemical , Physical and uncontrolled). Chemical, mechanical and physical management are shown to be superior in the growth components, not affecting these characteristics, being the gas exchanges severely affected.

Nos últimos anos, tem-se verificado um aumento da urbanização em muitas cidades brasileiras. Entretanto, a oferta dos serviços de saneamento básico não tem crescido na mesma proporção. Soma-se a isso as variações climáticas e a degradação ambiental. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se apresentar os principais problemas do saneamento ambiental na cidade de Pombal (PB), avaliando a relação desses com os problemas de saúde recorrentes na população. A execução desse trabalho seguiu as etapas de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema, levantamento de dados primários e secundários, e finalmente, análise e discussão dos dados obtidos. Constatou-se, na área urbana, alguns problemas que contribuem para a degradação do ambiente e contaminação das águas do rio Piranhas, como o lançamento de esgoto doméstico sem tratamento e a disposição inadequada dos resíduos sólidos domésticos. Verificou-se que um maior número de internações ocorre justamente no período mais chuvoso, deixando claro a necessidade de investimento em saneamento básico. Os resultados obtidos atestam a relação entre a saúde pública, nível de saneamento básico, urbanização e conservação ambiental, não sendo possível pensar em ações que visem melhorar a saúde pública, sem pensar concomitantemente em ações de conservação ambiental e saneamento básico.Ontleding van sanitasie en openbare gesondheid in die Stad van Pombal, ParaíbaAbstract: In onlangse jare, daar is 'n toename van verstedeliking in baie Brasiliaanse stede. Egter die voorsiening van basiese sanitasie dienste dit nog gegroei teen dieselfde tempo. Voeg by dat die klimaat verander en omgewings agteruitgang. Op die bogenoemde, die doelwit van die aanbieding van die belangrikste probleme van omgewing sanitasie in die Stad van Pombal (PB), beoordeling van die verhouding van diegene met herhalende gesondheidsprobleme in die bevolking. Hierdie werk volg die stappe van bibliografiese navorsing oor die onderwerp, primêre en sekondêre data versameling, ontleding en bespreking van die data verkry. Dit was opgemerk, in die stedelike gebied, 'n paar probleme wat bydra tot omgewings agteruitgang en besoedeling van die waters van die rio Piranhas, soos die bekendstelling van huishoudelike riool sonder behandeling en onbehoorlike wegdoen van binnelandse vaste afval. Dit is gevind dat 'n groter getal van hospitaliserings kom juis in die wettest tydperk, maak duidelik die behoefte vir belegging in basiese sanitasie. Die resultate getuig van die verhouding tussen openbare gesondheid, basiese sanitasie, verstedeliking en Omgewingsbewaring, dit is nie moontlik om te dink van aksies gemik op die verbetering van openbare gesondheid, sonder denke by die dieselfde tyd in Omgewingsbewaring en sanitasie.

The “Polígono das Secas” is a region in the Northeast of Brazil that stands out by its low precipitation, high temperatures, and dry climate. Geoprocessing and the remote sensing techniques used in this research demonstrate the effectiveness for the monitoring of environmental resources. The objective of this work was to use the normalized difference water index (NDWI) in a comparative analysis of the reduction of the water surface area of the dry periods, November 2009 and December 2016, of the Capoeira Reservoir using images from the Landsat 5 TM satellite and Landsat 8 OLI, respectively. The results showed high values of NDWI in 2009, corresponding to La Niña period, with high precipitation and overflow of reservoirs. NDWI values in 2016 were low due to the low precipitations typical of El Niño periods. NDWI can be used to detect and monitor the presence of water and is an excellent tool to assist water monitoring agencies through the monitoring of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in regions as the northeastern of Brazil.Análise temporal do volume de água da Barragem Capoeira, Município de Mãe d’Água, ParaíbaResumo: O Polígono da Seca é uma região no Nordeste que se destaca por apresentar baixa precipitação, altas temperaturas e clima seco. As ferramentas do geoprocessamento e as técnicas de sensoriamento remoto podem ser utilizadas para demonstrarem a efetividade para o monitoramento de recursos ambientais. O objetivo foi utilizar o índice de diferença normalizada da água (NDWI) em uma análise comparativa da redução da área do espelho d’água dos períodos seco, novembro de 2009 e dezembro de 2016 da barragem Capoeira a partir das imagens do satélite Landsat 5 TM e Landsat 8 OLI., obtidas no site do Serviço Geológico dos Estados Unidos (USGS. Os resultados da comparação entre os anos apresentam altos valores de NDWI em 2009, o que corresponde a um alto teor de água, pois neste ano ocorreu uma maior precipitação, enchendo todo o reservatório, já os valores de NDWI em 2016 foram baixos, devido à baixa precipitação, desta forma, não havendo o aumento do volume considerável. O NDWI pode ser usado para detectar e monitorar a presença de água, sendo uma excelente ferramenta para auxiliar órgão fiscalizadores de recursos hídricos através do monitoramento de rios, lagos e reservatórios das regiões bem como é o caso na região Nordeste.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense (AzBr) com e sem enraizador, no crescimento, produção de biomassa e resistência a pragas da alface, cultivar Lucy Brown. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em recipientes plásticos com capacidade de 8,0 L no espaçamento 40 x 20 cm. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (2x3)+1, sendo o primeiro fator Azospirillum com e sem enraizador de crescimento e o segundo doses de nitrogênio em cobertura, 0%, 50% e 100% da recomendação de adubação e uma testemunha com adubação convencional, com quatro repetições. Em doses médias de 50% de N em cobertura, tanto o AzBr, quanto a associação AzBr mais enraizador, apresentaram um incremento significativo na massa fresca da parte aérea e de raízes de 19,36% e 23,66%, respectivamente, em relação a dose máxima de N e a testemunha. A massa seca da parte aérea não diferiu significativamente nos diferentes tratamentos, embora tenha mostrado um pequeno aumento com as doses crescente de N. A massa seca de raízes diminuiu 29,24% no tratamento com 100% de N, quando comparado ao tratamento sem cobertura nitrogenada mais AzBr. O estande final de plantas foi significativamente maior no tratamento no qual N não foi aplicado em cobertura, destacando-se a inoculação com AzBr, média de 96,98% de plantas estabelecidas, contra 51,56% na testemunha convencional, observando-se que até a dose média de N, houve uma maior tolerância das plantas aos sintomas de minas foliares e as viroses do Grupo Tospovirus.Azospirillum brasilense inoculation efficiency associated with rooting growth and production of lettuceAbstract: In the survey evaluated the effect of Azospirillum brasilense (AzBr) inoculated with and without rooting, on growth, biomass production and lettuce pest resistance, cultivar Lucy Brown. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in plastic bags with 8.0 L capacity in the spacing, 40 x 20 cm. The experimental followed a design randomized blocks in a factorial scheme (2x3) +1, the first factor, Azospirillum with and without rooting growth and second fator, levels of nitrogen in coverage, 0%, 50% and 100% of fertilizer recommendation and a control with conventional fertilization, with four replications.  At mean doses of 50% N in coverage, both AzBr and the AzBr plus rooting association showed a significant increase in fresh shoot and root mass of 19.36% and 23.66%, respectively, in relation to maximum dose of N and the control. The shoot dry mass did not differ significantly in the different treatments, although it has shown a small increase with increasing doses of N. The dry root mass decreased 29.24% in the treatment with 100% N, when compared to treatment without nitrogen cover more AzBr.  The final plant stand was significantly higher in the treatment in wich N was not applied in coverage, especially inoculation with AzBr, mean of 96.98% of established plants, against 51.56% in conventional control, observing that average dose of N, there was a greater tolerance of plants to symptoms of leaf mining and the viruses of Tospovirus Group.