Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Author points out severe University of Ecuador problems: small links with social development area because of limited and insufficient true state policies aiming to support an equitable and fair socioecono mic model, sustainable development, etc. where the educational system and specially the superior college and university learning lead a nation-wide transformation process to spread the skills to succeed. Evidence that the superstructure (the legal-political, in this case) of an alone Social Economic Educa tion system does not change the essence of the model, emphasizing the poor culture/consciousness of respect for the laws by the public and conceptual flaws own legal framework that analyzes/compares to establish regulations not apprehend/categorical perception and mixing characteristics concerning dissimilar epistemological paradigms, as if these were the same character. Sustained curriculum supports the institutionalization of our population diagnosis priority needs in full relationship with the market and the inter-communication/agreements between the state, employers, the University, students and their families, inviting specialists to analize the National Development Plan in order to optimize its guidelines so that no small theoretical generalities would rather grasp on the realities/Ecuador and solve problems.

Objetivou-se avaliar os índices fisiológicos e o crescimento do algodoeiro colorido cv. BRS Topázio submetido à irrigação com águas de diferentes níveis de salinidades e adubação com doses de potássio. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos sob condições de casa de vegetação, utilizando-se um Neossolo Regolítico Eutrófico de textura franco-arenoso não salino. Utilizaram-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições, cujos tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, sendo quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa) (1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 dS m-1) e quatro doses de potássio (50; 75; 100 e 125% da recomendação), sendo a dose de 100% correspondente a 150 mg K2O por kg-1 de solo. Avaliaram-se os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre a concentração interna de CO2 (Ci), transpiração (E), condutância estomática (gs), taxa de assimilação de CO2 (A), eficiência no uso da água (EiUA) e a eficiência instantânea da carboxilação (EICi), fitomassa seca das folhas (FSF), fitomassa seca do caule (FSC), fitomassa seca da parte aérea (FSA), área foliar especifica (AFE) e no período compreendido entre 30 e 130 dias determinaram-se a taxa de assimilação líquida (TAA). As trocas gasosas e a fitomassa seca da folha, a fitomassa seca do caule e a fitomassa seca da parte aérea do algodoeiro colorido cv. BRS Topázio reduz acentuadamente, quando submetida a níveis de CEa maior que 1,5 dS m-1. A área foliar especifica e a taxa de assimilação líquida do algodoeiro BRS Topázio não foram afetados pela água de irrigação com água salina. A adubação potássica não exerceu influência sobre as variáveis de analisadas do algodoeiro colorido. Não houve interação entre os fatores salinidade da água de irrigação versus doses de potássio para as variáveis analisadas.Physiological aspects and growth of 'BRS topázio' cotton cultivated with salt waters and potassic fertilizationThe objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological indexes and the growth of the colored cotton cv. BRS Topázio submitted to irrigation with water of different levels of salinities and fertilization with doses of potassium. The experiment was conducted in pots under greenhouse conditions, using a non-saline sandy-loam Eutrophic Regenerative Neosol. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used, and the treatments were distributed in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with four levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water -ECw (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1) and four doses of potassium (50, 75, 100 and 125% of the recommendation), the dose of 100% corresponding to 150 mg K2O per kg-1 of soil. The effects of treatments on CO2 internal concentration (Ci), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), CO2 assimilation rate (A), water use efficiency (EiUA) and instant carboxylation (EICi), dry leaf phytomass (FSF), dry stem biomass (FSC), dry shoot biomass (FSA), specific leaf area (AFE) and in the period from 30 to 130 days, the rate of net assimilation (TAA). The gaseous exchanges and the dry matter of the leaf, the dry stem biomass and the dry matter of the aerial part of the colored cotton cv. BRS Topázio reduces markedly when submitted to ECw levels greater than 1.5 dS m-1. The specific leaf area and the net assimilation rate of the BRS Topázio cotton were not affected by the irrigation water with saline water. Potassium fertilization had no influence on the analyzed variables of the colored cotton. There was no interaction between irrigation water salinity versus potassium doses for the analyzed variables. 

Tendo em vista os danos causados pela requeima (Phytophthora infestans) ao tomateiro e as dificuldades de manejo desta doença em sistemas orgânicos de produção, objetivou-se quantificar o progresso da doença e a produção de dez cultivares de tomateiro em condições de campo em sistema orgânico. Avaliaram-se oito cultivares mais dois padrões, Débora Plus e Perinha Água Branca (PAB), suscetível e resistente à doença, respectivamente. Quantificou-se a severidade da doença em dez avaliações e calcularam-se as áreas abaixo das curvas de progresso da requeima (AACPR). A produção foi aferida em seis colheitas e com base nestas determinaram-se produtividade, número e massa fresca média dos frutos e a sua qualidade comercial. Adotou-se delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os híbridos Lumi, Serato, Dominador e Forty apresentaram AACPR significativamente superiores ao padrão Débora Plus (579,27), enquanto Mascot foi equivalente estatisticamente a este. Menor AACPR foi observada em Santa Clara, Kada e Jumbo (183,50 a 250,56) que não diferiram do padrão resistente, PAB (14,74). A produtividade, total e comercial, de Lumi, Serato, Forty e Dominador foi equivalente ou inferior à de cultivares mais antigas, como Kada, e de cultivares do grupo cereja, como Mascot e PAB. A cultivar PAB, apesar da menor produtividade total (0,69 kg.planta-1), apresentou produtividade comercial (0,65 kg.planta-1) equivalente ou superior ao da maioria das cultivares (0,32 a 0,67 kg.planta-1). Os híbridos Lumi, Serato, Dominador e Forty são altamente suscetíveis a requeima e podem ter sua produtividade severamente comprometida pela doença em sistemas orgânicos. Tomato late blight: Severity and losses in different cultivars in organic systemAbstract: In view of the damage caused by late blight (Phytophthora infestans)  on tomato and the difficulties in controlling this disease in organic systems, it was aimed quantify their progress and effects on production on ten tomato cultivars under organic system. Eight cultivars and two standards, Débora Plus and Perinha Água Branca  (PAB), susceptible and resistant to disease, respectively, were evaluated. Quantified the severity of the disease in ten evaluations and were calculated the areas under the curves progress of the disease (AUDPC). The production was measured in six harvests and, based on these, were determined productivity, the number and fresh weight average of the fruits and their commercial quality. Was adopted design of randomized blocks with four replications. The Lumi, Serato, Dominator and Forty hybrids presented AUDPC significantly higher than the standard Débora Plus (579.27), while Mascot was statistically equivalent to this. Lower severity was observed in Santa Clara, Kada and Jumbo (183.50 to 250.56), which did not differ from resistant standard, PAB (14.74). Productivity, total and commercial, of Lumi, Serato, Forty and Dominator hybrids was equivalent or lower than older cultivars, as Kada, and cherry group cultivars such as Mascot and PAB. The cultivar PAB, despite the lower total yield (0.69 kg.plant-1), marketable yield (0.65 kg.plant-1) showed equivalent or higher than that of most varieties (0.32 to 0.67 kg.plant-1). The Lumi, Serato, Dominador and Forty hybrids was highly susceptible to late blight and can have their productivity severely compromised by the disease in organic systems.

A utilização de variedades tolerantes ao estresse salino tem sido essencial para o estabelecimento de culturas comerciais em áreas salinas. O objetivou-se avaliar a germinação e o crescimento inicial de plântulas de quatro variedades de feijão caupi submetidas a diferentes níveis de estresse salino. As sementes das cultivares BRS Tapaihum, BRS Pujante, BRS Acauã e BRS Marataoã foram semeadas em espumas, dispostas em bandejas e umedecidas com as seguintes concentrações de NaCl: 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mM. Foram determinadas as variáveis: percentual de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência, tempo médio, frequência relativa de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e teor de água das plântulas. As variedades de feijão caupi apresentaram perda na capacidade germinativa a partir da concentração de 50 mM de NaCl. Também foi verificado que a incidência da salinidade promoveu uma diminuição da velocidade com que as variedades realizaram seus eventos bioquímicos, fisiológicos, morfogênicos necessários ao processo de germinação e formação das novas plantas.Germination and initial growth of cowpea cultivars under salinity stressAbstract: The use of varieties tolerant to salinity stress conditions has been essential for the crops establishment in are asthat experience with this problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the germination process and early growth of seedlings of four varieties of cowpea under different levels of salinity. The seeds of BRS Tapaihum, BRS Pujante, BRS Acauã and BRS Marataoã were sown in foam, arranged in tray sand watered with the following NaCl concentrations: 0,50, 100, 150 and 200mM. The analized variables were Percentage of Germination, Emergence Speed Index, mean time, Relative Germination frequency, shoot length and water content of seedling. The cowpea varieties showed loss of germination capacity from 50 mM NaCl concentration. It was also verified that the salinity incidence promoted a decrease of the speed with which the varieties realized their biochemical, physiological, morphogenic events necessary to the process of germination and formation of the new plants.

Productivity and quality of onion bulbs dependent on the amount of water applied to culture. The objective of this work was to determine the water consumption, productivity and quality of onion under different irrigation management in organic farming. The experiment was developed an under randomized block, with three treatments and seven repetitions. The treatments consisted: T1 - irrigation made based on daily data of crop evapotranspiration (ETc); T2 - irrigation based on Kc values proposed in the literature (Kc-lit) for onion and ETo obtained by the TCA method; and T3 - irrigation based on the Kc-lit values and the ETo obtained by the FAO method. The water consumption of the crop (ETc) was obtained through daily measures evapotranspirometers.  The reference evapotranspiration (ETo), obtained by the methods of the class A pan (TCA) and Penman-Monteith (FAO). The following variables were evaluated: bulb diameter, mean bulb mass, total and commercial productivity, soluble solids, titratable acidity and pungency. ETc varied from 3.9 mm d-1 (stage I) to 5.8 mm d-1 (stage III), reaching maximum daily rates of up to 7.2 mm d-1 and total for the crop cycle, 563.4 mm. Different irrigation management, did not produce significant changes in total productivity of onion grown in organic system, with an average value for the different managements, around 15 t ha-1. The environmental conditions verified during the experimental period, with high temperatures, certainly were determinant for bulbs of pungent onion and with low acidity.

The knowledge about plants with melitophile potential is highlighted in the research field, this way; these pieces of information are collected in the rural areas. Thus, ethnobotany, which studies the relation between human groups and plants, is fundamental, because it brings information about the species visited by bees as well as beekeepers and meliponiculturers, helping with environmental protection, especially native tree species and different bee groups. The objective of this study was to conduct an ethnobotanical survey about the knowledge the residents of two rural communities in the city of  Sigrefredo Pacheco, state of Piauí, about melitophile plants. The study was conducted through interviews in every house (41) of the two communities, totalizing 69 interviewees. 31 species were cited, and the family Leguminosae was highlighted.the most cited species were: Croton blanchetianus Baill. (25) and Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (25), in which the native species stood out (77,4%). It is possible to observe that the younger portion had the smaller participation and about gender, it is noticeable that men presented a major number of citation addressing plants than women. The study concludes that the knowledge of melitophile plants is present among the residents of the communities, that they know the profitable practices to the conservation of the melitophile flora, though; they are not overspread in the community. It is necessary to know more and more the knowledge about apicultural flora in rural communities, in order to rescue and value this knowledge, as well as local conservation measures.

Seaweeds as a staple diet has been used in Asian countries for thousands of years. However, in countries like Brazil, consumption of seaweeds as food is still very small due to many reasons. One is the lack of data on Brazilian seaweed’s proximate food composition. This data are very important to any activity related to food science and human nutrition area. The objective of this work was to analyze the chemical composition of the green seaweed Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata, collected in two different beaches of the coast of Rio Grande do Norte (Camapum and Búzios). The data showed that the salinity of the water on these two beaches is quite different: The water salinity of Camapum was around 40.5 ppm whereas in Buzios beach was 33.7 ppm. Despite this, the proximate composition of C. cupressoides did not change with increased salinity. Moreover, interestingly, it has low amount of lipids and high amount of proteins, greater even than other edible seaweeds, which indicates that C. cupresoides could be used as protein source for human and animal diet.

O nitrogênio é um dos nutrientes mais exigidos pelas plantas. Também é normalmente encontrado em grandes quantidades nos adubos orgânicos. Se absorvido em excesso, pode se acumular no vacúolo das células das plantas como nitrato, e levar à metamioglobina tóxica e à formação de nitrosaminas. Este trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a adubação com cama de frango e esterco bovino de curral na produtividade, teores de N total e nítrico na parte aérea da cultura da rúcula. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x5, com quatro repetições. Foram testados dois adubos orgânicos (cama de frango e esterco bovino), e cinco doses (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 t ha-1). O experimento foi implantado em condições de campo, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico. A parcela experimental foi constituída por quatro linhas, espaçadas de 0,25 m, e com 1 m de comprimento. Aos 40 dias após o transplante das mudas, foram avaliados a altura de plantas (usando-se uma régua, a partir do nível do solo até a extremidade das folhas mais altas), número de folhas por planta (folhas maiores que cinco centímetros de comprimento, partindo-se das folhas basais até a última folha aberta). A maior massa fresca de plantas foi obtida com 24,14 t ha-1 de esterco bovino, enquanto que com cama de frango a produtividade aumentou até 40 t ha-1. Os teores de N- NO3-  aumentaram linearmente com as doses de esterco bovino de curral, mas não ultrapassaram os limites toleráveis com ambas as fontes. Production and nitrate content of rocket fertilized with poltry litter or cattle manureAbstract: Plants needs high amount of nitrogen. It is also an abundant element in organic fertilizers. If absorbed in excess can accumulate in the vacuole of the cells of the plants as nitrate. Excessive intake of nitrate for human or animal can result in the formation of toxic metmyoglobin and nitrosamines. This study aimed to evaluate the fertilization with poultry litter and cattle manure on productivity, and total nitric N content in rocket culture. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2x5 factorial, with four replications. The treatments consisted of a combination of two organic fertilizers (cattle mannure and  poltry litter) and five doses (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-1). The experiment was carried out in field conditions, in a Oxisol dystrophic. The experimental plot consisted of four rows, spaced 0.25 m, and 1 m in length. 40 days after transplanting the seedlings were evaluated the plant height, number of leaves per plant, total N uptake and nitrate (N-NO3) in the rocket leaves. The highest value of fresh matter plants was obtained with 24.14 t ha-1 of manure, whereas with poultry litter productivity increased up to 40 t ha-1. The N-NO3 content increased linearly with cattle manure doses, but did not exceed the tolerable limits with both sources.

A palma pertencente à família das cactáceas, sendo de origem mexicana. No Nordeste brasileiro, o broto de palma faz parte da dieta alimentar da população de alguns municípios. Com isso objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade pós-colheita dos brotos de palma proveniente de diferentes cultivares. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Centro de Ciências e Humanas Sociais e Agrárias, Bananeiras, Paraíba, pertencente à Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Foram utilizados brotos das cultivares Gigante (Opuntia ficus indica Mill.), Redonda (Opuntia ficus indica L.), Orelha de Elefante (Opuntia tuna (L.) Mill.) e Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck). Os brotos foram colhidos em propriedades rurais às 6:00 horas e transportados ao laboratório, onde foram eliminados os acúleos e lavados. Realizou-se as análises em triplicata dos teores de ácido ascórbico (AA), de acidez titulável (AT) e de sólidos solúveis (SS), pH, umidade e condutividade elétrica. Os brotos de palma da variedade Gigante foram os que apresentaram as melhores características, atribuído ao maior conteúdo de ácido ascórbico e ao melhor equilíbrio entre os açúcares (SS) e os ácidos (AT).

The term milk product from the complete and uninterrupted milking, hygiene conditions, healthy cows, well fed and rested. Is the noblest products of animal origin, characterized as an opaque white liquid, more viscous than water, slightly sweet taste and odor little sharp. Because of having a high nutritional value, is a food widely consumed by humans, especially in children's diets. Because it is so rich in nutritional terms, it is also an excellent medium for microorganism growth and proliferation. This study aimed to identify the presence of bacteria that can be found in bovine milk sold in the city of Cajazeiras, Paraíba. 10 samples of cow's milk in natura. Heave of each sample was inoculated into Brain Heart Infusion broth and incubated in bacteriological incubator at 37 ° C for 24h. They were then plated in culture medium CPS ID Chromogenic (Biomériex), and again incubated for a further 24h. Bacteria grown were identified by the appearance of colonies through staining and confirmed by biochemical identification. We identified the presence of Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli. It was concluded therefore that the fresh milk sold in the city of Cajazeiras, Paraíba It has a high bacterial load.