Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Objective: The effect of salinity by NaCl based on physiological variables of chickpea plants was evaluated with the use of native strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus cubensis and Rizoglomus irregulare during the pre-flowering phenophase. Design/methodology/approach: The research was carried out under controlled environmental conditions, using as an experimental model the chickpea variety N-29, obtained at INIFAT, Cuba. The treatments consist of the combination of three salinity levels: 25, 50 and 75 mM of NaCl and the respective control (Source of variation A) and two strains of AMFs (source of variation B) for a total of 12 treatments with six repetitions. Treatments were distributed under a completely randomized experimental design. The variables evaluated were: number of green and dry leaves, biomass by organs (leaves, stem, root), net assimilation rate (TAN), relative growth rate (TCR) and leaf area ratio (RAF). Results: Green leaves, TAN and leaf and root biomass were the variables with the highest response in the 50 mM NaCl + R. irregulare treatment, with an average increase of 15% compared to the rest of the treatments. Limitations on study/implications: There is a decrease in the variables evaluated due to the salinity effect, however, chickpea plants subjected to 50 mM NaCl inoculated with R. irregulare were less affected by saline stress. Findings/conclusions: It was also found that the R. irregulare strain contributed more than G. cubense to mitigating the adverse effects of the salinity factor.

Objective: To investigate the differences amongst the LTO (Long Term Orientation) profile of graduate students in two academic programs. Design/methodology/approach: A total of 66 students participated in the study. The items of each construct corresponded to the two dimensions established by the original LTO scale. The validity test for the measurement scale was based first on exploratory and then on confirmatory factor analysis. The internal reliability consistency of the multi-item scales was assessed with Cronbach’s α. Independent sample t-tests were applied to verify the hypothesis. Results: The eight-item LTO scale performed reasonably well, lending support for its internal validity for the sample. The engineering students had higher levels for the planning dimension, still there were no significant differences in the estimates (t=-.391, p=.697), and students of the tourism program rated higher for the tradition dimension compared to the engineering students (t=3.557, p=.001). Limitations/implications: The study focus only in one personality trait. Education providers can draw upon these findings a better understanding of their students, becoming relevant for the curriculum. Findings/Conclusions: Students of the tourism academic program score higher in the tradition dimension of the LTO profile. On the contrary, there was no difference regarding the planning factor of the LTO profile. Therefore, LTO scale might be useful for understanding students’ decisions and personal orientations, allowing for academic programs to better focus their curriculum.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the profitability of corn cultivation under the milpa system in Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz. METHODOLOGY: A sample of 91 producers from Villa de Zaachila, Oaxaca, Chalchicomula de Sesma, Puebla, and Tequila, Veracruz, was interviewed about corn production by milpa production system. The average yields per hectare, costs, sale price and total income are compared, and the Cost Benefit Ratio (CBR) of the milpas in each municipality was interpreted. RESULTS: Maize production in Villa de Zaachila presented a modern agriculture with total production costs of 13,650 $ ha-1, yield 2,257 kg ha-1, total income 23,429.27 $ ha-1 and RBC 1.72. In Chalchicomula de Sesma, a traditional agriculture destined for commercialization to intermediaries, its total costs were 12,380 $ ha-1, yield of 2,456 kg ha-1, total income 12,280.00 $ ha-1 and RBC 0.99. In Tequila, a subsistence agricultural, with total production costs of 7,350 $ ha-1, yield 964 kg ha-1, total income of 6,748.00 $ ha-1 and RBC 0.92. STUDY LIMITATIONS: The data is taken from an exploratory sample, limited in time and space. Versions or productive practices not sampled could be omitted, with technical-economic specificities different from those presented in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The contrasting modifications in the structure, function, and logic of the milpa for the 2020-2021 cycle, allowed a profitable agroecosystem in Villa de Zaachila; however, it was not profitable in Chalchicomula de Sesma and Tequila.

Objective: to analyze the cost of milk production in livestock production units of a semi-specialized system in the mountain area of the state of Veracruz, Mexico.Design/methodology/approach: A questionnaire was applied to milk producers and visits were made to their farms.Results: The main components of the variable cost of milk production were: food, health and fuel (86% of the total). Labor represented between 35 and 60% of fixed costs. The production cost per liter of milk ranged between USD $ 0.26 and $ 0.352 and the sale price between USD $ 0.28 and $ 0.30, which leaves a low profit margin. The profit fluctuated between USD $ 0.02 and -0.04 per liter of milk. Profitability can be increased by improving milk quality. Limitations on study/implications: The analysis focuses on the last year of operations and considers only six production units, so the conclusions are only valid in this context. Findings/conclusions: some UPPs have positive utility, but the mix of production factors needs to be reviewed and the necessary adjustments made to ensure profits.

ABSTRACT Objective: Document the standard of living of the "Mulato Viejo" community, their culture and agricultural practices in light of current development policies. Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out during the year of 2019, applying surveys and interviews using key informants with experience in community positions. Results: The results showed that families practice some traditional farming techniques with family labor. A delay was also observed in the incorporation of women (5.5%) and in the generational rotation of producers, 84% are over 40 years old and of these 69% only have primary education, so they do not know the fundamentals of agricultural practices used, this limits the use of machinery to reduce workload, production costs or innovate Limitations on study/implications: The main limitation was the sample size and the repeatability of the study, a single community was analyzed. It is proposed to extend to other communities with similar characteristics Findings/conclusions: Semi-traditional agriculture has preserved the local maize races. However, it is necessary for the community to incorporate dynamics that diversify agricultural activities, crops, establish intra-community cooperation and trade networks, so that agricultural activities are a profitable economic option for the new generations, who would have a greater capacity to acquire the foundations of a sustainable agriculture that improves its yield but, with the challenge of keeping traditional agricultural practices intact Keywords: Mulato Viejo, rural nucleus, solidarity networks.

Objective: To record six species of invertebrates that damage orchids in gardens in western Statae of Tabasco, Mexico. Methodology: As part of the project "Fauna associated with cultivated plants in the south-southeast region of Mexico", non-systematic collects of invertebrates were made that were observed damaging orchids in three gardens in the western part of the state of Tabasco. The invertebrates were identified through descriptions and taxonomic keys. Results: Four species of insects of the order Coleoptera and two species of molluscs of the class Gastropoda are recorded. The insects are (1) Diabrotica adelpha Harold (Chrysomelidae), (2) Stethobaris sp. (Curculionidae), (3) Cyclocephala guttata Bates (Scarabaeidae), these three damaging flowers of Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindley, and (4) Stethobaroides nudiventris Champion (Curculionidae) damaging flowers of Catasetum integerrimum Hook. The molluscs are (1) Subulina octona (Bruguière) (Subulinidae) scraping leaves of Gongora leucochila Lem., Phalaenopsis sp. and C. integerrimum, and (2) Sarasinula plebeia(P.Fischer) (Veronicellidae) damaging leaves of C. integerrimum. Limitations on study: It was not possible to specifically identify one of the insect species (Stethobaris sp.) and one of the damaged orchid species (Phalaenopsis sp). Conclusions: This work contributes to the knowledge of invertebrates that damage orchids in Mexico, and is a basis for future studies to determine the incidence and importance of these organisms in the conservation and cultivation of orchids in this area of ​​Tabasco.

Objective: To analyze the sociocultural, economic and environmental aspects of insects in Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: From October 2021 to January 2022, a bibliographic review was carried out searching for literature available in Google academic, Sciencedirect, SpringerLink, Google patent, EBSCO, Semantic Scholar databases and content available through remote access from CONRICyT. The bibliographic systematization of the consulted articles was developed from the Excel 2016 program and the Mendeley Desktop software, version 1.19.4. Results: Entomology has a high ecological, economic and social value, directed towards the horizons of food security, care for the environment and as an alternative for productive diversification. The economic importance of edible insects for Mexico was highlighted, visualizing commercial alternatives to small producers. Limitations/implications: The results only present data referring to Mexico, it is recommended to expand the search effort to know the current state of this topic worldwide. Findings/Conclusions: It was possible to demonstrate the importance of sustainability that insects present in Mexico. Awareness practices are suggested to mitigate neophobia and strengthen the adoption and consumption of this resource in the different social strata of Mexican society. 

Objective: carry out the diagnosis of the maintenance of green areas in the southern zone of the city of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México. Design/methodology/approach: in order to evaluate the state of green areas, mainly in the southern part of the city, an analytical-synthetic and historical methodology was used, as well as bibliographic techniques to study the importance of green areas, conceptualization and challenges that face these areas. Results: the need to generate maintenance and intervene in adequate management is highlighted to generate an improvement towards green areas and create a better environment that provides better development towards these areas in the city of Chihuahua and intervene in territorial development. Limitations on study/implications: green areas are part of the basic public endowments of any municipality and therefore, the Municipal Council is in charge of these areas, however, the ability to achieve the objectives is determined by individual and collective productivity, rather, the lack of. Findings/conclusions: develop good management to provide and have green areas in good condition and with adequate and dignified maintenance for the Chihuahua society.

Objective: To analyze the effects of a greater geographic dispersion of municipalities that produce and consume certified corn seed in the State of Mexico.Design/Methodology/Approach: A solution for the spatial equilibrium model applied to the certified seed market in the State of Mexico was reached in 2019.Results: The results indicate that a greater geographical dispersion of producing and consuming municipalities would reduce production costs by 0.8% and increase income, distribution costs, and profits by 0.1, 3.0, and 1.3%, respectively, as compared to the data observed in the studied year.Study Limitations/Implications: The positive effects observed in this study suggest that a greater geographical dispersion would benefit regions whose municipalities have a high potential to produce certified seed.Conclusions: In addition to having a moderate effect on profits, the greater geographic dispersion would benefit corn producers, who would have a greater access to certified seed. As a result, both the seed use rate in the region and the yield level per hectare would increase.

Objective: To evaluate pruning and fertilization effects on growth of plantations of Pinus greggii established in Durango. Design/methodology/approach: In a plantation (Durango), pruning was applied at three intensities (0, 50 and 75%), under a randomized complete block design. Four years later the basal diameter (Db), normal diameter (DN), plant height (PH) and stem height (SH) were evaluated. In another plantation (La Soledad), two levels of pruning (0 and 50%) and foliar fertilization (with and without application) were applied under a factorial experiment in completely randomized design. Seven months later, Db, PH, and crown diameter (CD) were recorded. An analysis of variance and a means comparison test (Tukey, ? = 0.05) were performed. Results: In Durango, pruning diminished the Db and PH, but increased the SH (p ? 0.01). In La Soledad, pruning also affected the growth. The Db, PH, and CD were lowered when trees were pruned (p ? 0.01). Fertilization affected the PH (p ? 0.05) and the CD (p ? 0.01) as well. The PH and the CD for both pruned and unpruned trees were increased with fertilization. Limitations/implications: Pruning at intensities of 50 and 75% are not suitable for P. greggii because reduce their growth. Findings/conclusions: Fertilization favors the growth of P. greggii planted on low fertility soils for both pruned and unpruned trees, but the interaction between pruning and fertilization should be examined in detail for a longer period.