Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the tension between the destruction of war and the experience provided by musical activities or, mythopoetically, to the sphere of the Muses (mousiké), permeates Iliad 18, culminating in the narration of the forging of Achilles’ new shield by Hephaestus. The main passages discussed are the meeting of the Nereids as a khóros that participates in Thetis’ lament for Achilles the way Achilles conceptualizes his former set of weapons and some of the aspects highlighted in the actual meeting of Thetis and Hephaestus. As for the Shield, in addition to tracking the tension between destruction and mousiké that pervades it, it is shown how this tension helps to clarify two sets of problematic verses, 535-38 and 604-5.

The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze the argumentative path adopted by Albert Camus in Le Mythe de Sisyphe, more precisely in a chapter indicated below with the same title. The analysis is intended to be linguistic and to follow the pragmatic perspective. Some questions will be raised, mostly relating to the argumentative approach (illustrated by the means implemented, the aim of the argumentator, the expected perlocutionary effect) and a final question will relate to the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the argumentative enterprise of the author.

The San Pedro de Quilcay wetland is located on San Pedro de Lurín beach, Lima, Peru and does not have any conservation category to date. The change in land use in the lower basin of the Lurín River, the non-inclusion within a category of conservation, and the contamination and closure of irrigation canals that fed the wetland have drastically affected this ecosystem. In this work, physical and biological characterization of this wetland was carried out between 2016 and 2020; in addition, its ecosystem services were identified and the environmental history of this ecosystem based on secondary sources is briefly described. The physical characteristics of the wetland were determined. For the evaluation of birds, the point count protocol was used and for the evaluation of reptiles, opportunistic records were used. For the qualitative record of flora, the search for species was carried out throughout the wetland. Ecosystem services (ES) were identified according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Until 2018, it was estimated that the wetland had an area of ​​4.4 ha and a depth between 15 and 54 cm, with a superficial and temporary water regime. Among the fauna, a total of 65 species of birds belonging to 13 Orders and 28 Families were recorded. According to their seasonality, 36 are residents, 18 migratory-continental, five Migratory-Andean, four accidental records, one migrant from the south and one local migrant. Two species of reptiles were also recorded. The vegetation is composed of 23 species characteristic of coastal wetlands. The wetland provides supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural ES. The recent environmental history of this wetland from 2016 to 2020 indicates that this ecosystem has been an important habitat for local and migratory birds, and mainly provides ES of biodiversity and cultural reserves. As of the closure of the irrigation canals in the middle of 2019, the ecosystem and the ES it provided were being lost.

In Peru, Passiflora ligularis (Juss, 1805) (granadilla) is one of the passionflowers with the highest demand in the market. Diptera of the genus Dasiops (Lonchaeidae) are detrimental to the cultivation of passionflowers because the larvae feed on the internal structures of flower buds, flowers and fruits, causing between 50 and 60% losses in the production of said crops. This research aimed to determine the incidence of Dasiops sp. in flower buds of a granadilla crop and the climatological factors (temperature, precipitation and relative humidity) of the San Pedro de Grapanazú Farm (Huancabamba - Oxapampa, Pasco, Perú), during the dry season, between the months of September and October 2020. The experimental and exploratory protocol consisted of three fortnightly collections of 50 flower buds, which were dissected to determine the incidence of Dasiops sp.; in addition, 120 flower buds containing the larval stage were collected from which adults were obtained for the identification of the genus. At the same time, a daily monitoring of climatological factors was carried out, with which biweekly averages were calculated to determine the Pearson correlation between said averages and the incidence of Dasiops sp. The results presented an incidence of 15.3% and a significant correlation between the incidence of Dasiops sp. in flower buds and the relative humidity, while the incidence-temperature and incidence-precipitation correlations were not significant. Given this, it was possible to conclude that there is an inverse and significant relationship between the incidence of Dasiops sp. and the relative humidity.

The purpose of the study was to describe the ecotoxicological potential for hydrocarbons in the coastalmarine ecosystem of Ventanilla, Callao-Peru. It is mentioned that petroleum hydrocarbons, when adsorbed on particulate materials, sediments, and the tissues of aquatic fauna, cause an ecological imbalance. Likewise, liver damage and gills of fish are produced, affecting growth and productivity in biomass. The effects can be acute (eg mortality, necrosis, mutagenicity, suffocation) and chronic (egbiomagnification processes and loss of biodiversity). A conservative type ecotoxicological risk predictionwas made using the Gecotoxic® computer program where the environmental analysis descriptorindicated a high type rating (81%), while the environmental effect descriptor was also high prediction, but at 100%. It is concluded that various parameters must be evaluated to consider the risks to human health,such as equivalent potency concentration, matrix sweep value, lifetime carcinogenic risk model, maximum daily consumption, and toxic equivalency factors. In the same way, it must understand several questions in the dynamics of reversibility for the affected areas and among which are mentioned: 1st) what invertebrate organisms can be considered as future indicators of coastal-marine environmental quality, 2nd) how will the fauna evolve? macrobenthic? 3rd) in what time will the trophic interaction be restored? 4th) which threatened or endangered species were affected? and 5th) how much is the economic impact on traditional fishing communities?

Microplastics (MPs) in irrigation canals have been little studied in Peru. The objective of this study was to determine the abundance and characteristics (size, color and shape) of MPs in surface sediments of earth canals for irrigation (Yuncaypara and Mejorada) located in the populated center of Madean, Madean district, Yauyos province, Lima region, Peru. Each site was sampled in triplicate, 1 site in Mejorada Channel (CM) and 2 sites in Yuncaypara Channel (CY1 and CY2). Separation was performed with high density saline solution (ZnCl , zinc chloride). The results showed the abundance in CM, CY1 and CY2, 2 which were 111.11 ± 19.25; 566.67 ± 88.19 and 66.66 ± 0.00 Items/kg of dry sediment, respectively. The characteristics of size, color and shape, the predominant ones were small MPs (6-1000 μm), blue and fragment, respectively. Pellet and foam were not found. It is concluded that there is presence and contamination by MPs in surface sediments of earth canals for irrigation. Secondary MPs were the only ones found and the proximity of the sampling site to the populated center presents a greater abundance of MPs.

In this bioassay, the sublethal and lethal toxicity of the antipsychotic haloperidol was determined on the species L. minor and D. magna using five doses of haloperidol for 48h (0.22 mg·L-1, 0.67 mg·L-1, 2 mg·L-1, 6 mg·L-1 and 18 mg·L-1). The half maximal effective concentration (EC ) found in L. minor was 11.19 50 mg·L-1, while the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) was 6 mg·L-1 and 18 mg·L-1, respectively. In the case of D. magna, the EC and mean lethal 50 concentration (CL ) was 29.82 y 290.55 mg·L-1 at 24h and 1.83 mg·L-1 y 5.69 mg·L-1 at 48h respectively. 50 The NOEC at 24h and 48h was 2 mg·L-1, and the LOEC was 6 mg·L- 1. L. minor and D. magna are considered bioindicators due to their sensitivity to haloperidol, so their exposure to this drug could affect and cause a risk to aquatic communities.

The Yaque Norte is one of the most important rivers in the Dominican Republic, it is used for consumption purposes, reserve dams, hydroelectric plants, irrigation and others; however, the evidence shows that many of the domestic and industrial effluents are discharged directly into its waters, without prior treatment. In the present work, a physicochemical and microbiological evaluation of surface waters in the upper, middle and lower basin of the Yaque del Norte River is carried out, using the Standard Methods for water analysis. The results show that there are no significant differences in the physicochemical parameters: pH, salinity, conductivity, turbidity, total solids and hardness; however, these parameters show alterations along the river. The levels of total coliforms, fecal or thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli exceed the limits established in the Dominican regulation. The water does not meet standards for consumption and this represents a major environmental and health problem for the communities surrounding the river that use it.

In this work, a general algorithm is proposed to design the reconstruction of chemical/physical/biological process events as one of the most complicated today: the evolution of cancer cells. Studying the evolution of the boundary curves it is possible to make a three-dimensional (3D) integration, in addition the 3D figure obtained can be explained through a mathematical model to estimate its geometric evolution after physical/chemical reactions. In this work, there are analyzed images of each stage of the process based on the evolution of cancer cells. Each image was processed in order to obtain a mathematical equation as a reference to understand the geometry of the 3D structure based on its 2D image for each stage. On the other side, with this information and the processing of each stage image, a mathematical equation was achieved to describe the geometry of the structure between stages by "Optimal Prediction Analysis" which is so important to gain understanding of the geometry of the structure with the internal process.

The occurrence of the fiddler crab Minuca brevifrons Stimpson, 1860 in Ecuador (Eloy Alfaro, province of Manabi) is reported for the first time. The organisms had a small patchy distribution sharing habitat in a mangrove area destined for the harvesting of the blue crab Cardisoma crassum Smith, 1870, where they established an inquilinism relationship since it lives in burrows built by the blue crab. The identification of specimens was based on taxonomic characters and bibliographic review, where the distinctive morphological feature is the width of its forehead and the oblique crest on the palm of the greater chela. This record extends its distribution on the Pacific side to Ecuador, contributing to the knowledge of biodiversity at the regional level. It is recommended to increase the studies aimed at the diversity of crustaceans at the local level to understand their biology, dynamics, and ecological interactions.