Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Forros vol. 39, núm. 3, december 2022

The objective of this study was to determine the maximum level of inclusion of canola oil (CO) in diets for finishing pigs, to increase the content of oleic acid and unsaturated fatty acids and improve the Ω6:Ω3 ratio in meat, without affecting the productive performance, carcass characteristics and physicochemical characteristics of the meat. The treatments were: the gradual substitution of soybean oil (6 %) for CO in diets for pigs at finishing stage I and II (0, 2, 4 and 6 % of CO). The experimental units were 48 castrated pigs with initial live weight of 50.00 ± 4.5 kg, evaluated for four weeks at each stage. With the data obtained, an ANOVA was performed, and linear or quadratic trends were detected (P≤0.10). At finishing stage I, the average daily gain decreased with the inclusion of 2 % of CO, although the incorporation of 2 and 4 % of CO had no effect. At finishing stage II, a level between 2-4 % of CO reduced average daily feed intake and improved feed conversion (P≤0.05). The addition of CO did not modify the characteristics of the carcass and did not affect the physicochemical characteristics of the meat (P≥0.10). CO in the diet increased the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and oleic acid (P≤0.05); it reduced linoleic acid (P≤0.03), polyunsaturated fatty acids (P≤0.07) and the Ω6:Ω3 ratio (P≤0.01). In conclusion, the addition of CO (2-6 %) in the diet of finishing pigs gradually increases the content of oleic acid and MUFAs, in addition, it improves the Ω6:Ω3 ratio in pork, without affecting the productive variables and the quality of the meat.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir los parámetros hematológicos, bioquímicos y endocrinos en la respuesta aguda al ejercicio de intensidad creciente en caballos de Paso colombianos (CPC). Se realizó una prueba estandarizada de ejercicio de campo en 11 CPC adultos no entrenados de ambos sexos. Las variables de interés se midieron antes y después de la prueba (esto es, hematocrito, proteínas plasmáticas totales, creatina quinasa, creatinina, nitrógeno ureico en sangre —NUS, aspartato aminotransferasa, gamma glutamil transpeptidasa, triglicéridos, colesterol, fosfatasa alcalina, cortisol, insulina, niveles de azúcar en sangre). Se encontró evidencia de activación de la respuesta simpática-adrenérgica, descrita para otras razas y disciplinas deportivas ecuestres (esto es, hemoconcentración, cambio negativo en el volumen plasmático, ligero aumento de la creatinina y NUS). Además, se encontró evidencia de movilización y uso de fuentes de energía como glucosa y triglicéridos. En conclusión, el ejercicio de intensidad creciente realizado durante una prueba de campo estandarizada produjo un cambio negativo en el volumen plasmático y la activación de la clásica respuesta simpática-adrenérgica en los CPC.

El objetivo fue evaluar las características fermentativas, químicas y la estabilidad aeróbica de los ensilados de grano de maíz rehidratados con suero fluido (SF) o suero en polvo (SP) y agua, con o sin la adición de inoculante (I). El grano de maíz se molió e hidrató añadiendo agua sin cloro y/o suero para alcanzar el 35 % de humedad y se almacenó en silos de 4.36 kg. Tras 45 días de fermentación, se sometieron muestras de los ensilados a análisis químico-fermentativos en apertura de silos y 240 h de exposición al aire. Se considera que la estabilidad aeróbica de los ensilados evaluada durante 240 h se perdió cuando la temperatura de la masa ensilada sobrepasó la temperatura ambiente en 2 °C. Se observó una reducción en el contenido de fibra detergente ácida (FDA) y lignina de los ensilados con el uso de SF y SP. Los niveles de nitrógeno de amoniaco (NH3-N) fueron los más bajos para el SF y el SP (0.7 y 0.9 g/kg TN) y el pH fue de 4.31 para el SF tras 240 h de exposición aeróbica. El uso de inoculantes proporcionó mayores niveles de cenizas, extracto de éter (EE) y baja capacidad de amortiguación (BC), además de reducciones en los niveles de FDA. Los ensilados inoculados mostraron niveles más altos de NH3-N y de pH después de 240 h. El ensilado de granos de maíz rehidratados con SF proporcionó valores de pH ideales, un bajo contenido de NH3-N, niveles reducidos de FDA y lignina, y una mejor estabilidad aeróbica. Además de ser una alternativa sostenible, el uso de suero fluido para rehidratar los granos de maíz añade valor nutricional y mejora la fermentación del ensilado.

The objective was to evaluate the impact of factors associated with the management of the mother and the quality of colostrum on the calf rearing during lactation, in the small-scale milk production system. In 13 dairy farms, information was obtained on body growth, colostrum feeding and information associated with the mother of 220 Holstein calves. The variables  of interest were:  morbidity,  concentration  of immunoglobulins  in colostrum (CIC; <110 mg/ml),  serum protein concentration  (SPC; <6.6 g/dL), daily weight gain (DWG; <0.650 kg/d) and daily height gain (DHG; <0.222 cm/d). The study factors were: body weight at birth (BWB; <42 kg), height at birth (HB; <82 cm), colostrum consumed on the first day (CCFD; <4 l), colostrum consumed on the first day/kg of LW (CFDLW), body condition at calving (BCC; <3), length of the dry period (LDP; >68 d), primiparous cows (PC) and cows without a challenge diet (CWCD). To determine the impact of the study factors on the events of interest, the odds ratio was obtained from multiple logistic regression analyses. The factors identified for morbidity were CCFD and PC (P<0.1). The factors for CIC were LDP and CWCD (P<0.1), while for DWG, it was CWCD (P<0.1). Finally, the factors for DHG were CWCD, BWB, HB and CFDLW (P<0.1). These results suggest that the mother’s nutrition during late gestation has an important impact on the health and body development of calves during lactation. Further studies should determine long-term effects.

Genomic prediction models generally assume that errors are distributed as normal, independent, and identically distributed random variables with zero mean and equal variance. This is not always true, in addition there may be phenotypes distant from the population mean, which are usually removed when making the prediction. Quantile regression (QR) deals with statistical aspects such as high dimensionality, multicollinearity and phenotypic distribution different from the normal one. The objective of this work was to compare QR using marker and pedigree information with alternative methods such as genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) and single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) to analyze the birth (BW), weaning (WW) and yearling (YW) weights of Braunvieh cattle and simulated data with different degrees of asymmetry and proportion of outliers. The predictive capacity of the models was assessed by cross-validation. The predictive performance of QR both with marker information alone and with information of markers plus pedigree, with the actual dataset, was better than the GBLUP and ssGBLUP methodologies for WW and YW. For BW, GBLUP and ssGBLUP were better, however, only quantiles 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 were used, and the BW distribution was not asymmetric. In the simulated data experiment, correlations between “true” marker effects and estimated effects, as well as “true” and estimated signal correlations were higher when QR was used compared to GBLUP. The advantages of QR were more noticeable with asymmetric distribution of phenotypes and with a higher proportion of outliers, as was the case with the simulated dataset.

Durante muchos años se ha intentado incrementar la eficiencia reproductiva del ganado utilizando biotecnologías como la bisección de embriones. Sin embargo, pese a su potencial en el ganado, su nivel de adopción es limitado. Este trabajo reseña la importancia de la reconstitución de los demi-embriones después de la bisección y los principales factores que limitan su éxito en el ganado. El uso de esta técnica podría ser más generalizado si se incrementara su eficiencia, lo cual podría lograrse mediante una selección más precisa de los embriones que se someterán a bisección. La calidad de los embriones es uno de los factores más importantes que determinan su potencial de reconstituirse en demi-embriones viables después de la bisección, permitiendo obtener resultados más confiables en los programas de transferencia de embriones.

Context: SMEs represent approximately 50% of world GDP and due to the Covid-19 pandemic, they have been severely affected. This document provides an overview of the factors that affected the economy of SMEs and presents some solutions to maintain their operation in times of difficulties. Methodology: The elaboration of the manuscript is supported in relevant literature published between 2019-2021. The search strategy was applied through the databases EMBASE, WEB OF SCIENCES, SCOPUS under key search terms COVID-19, pandemic, small enterprises, medium-sized enterprises, global economic, economic growth, developing countries, emerging economies, economic impact, financial fragility, government action*, credit risk, travel restriction*, e-commerce, digital technologie*, digital transformation, emerging market*, supply chain*, small business. Subsequently, the document classification and analysis were carried out through the Raceer method (compilation, storage, conceptual schematic elaboration, link of informative units, writing). Results: The analysis of the relevant information revealed that the economy of SMEs played an important role in the sharp drop in GDP and in the increase in poverty and unemployment levels worldwide, and that those that wanted to remain in operation, they had to reinvent themselves and dabble in new business strategies. Conclusions: The pandemic generated by Covid-19 produced significant changes in purchasing habits, manufacturing methods and ways of working that seriously impacted the performance of SMEs. To deal with this new economic scenario, technology and innovation are expected to lead to new rapidly adapting business models.

Objective: To facilitate supply chain management and decision-making processes. The case of Latin America as an outsourcing option is analyzed to illustrate its application. Methodology: A taxonomy supported in Systematic Literature Review is presented to determine the logistics outsourcing strategy that a company or supply chain should develop, along with the alternatives of offshoring and nearshoring. To determine the decision criteria, a literature review is carried out and a characterization of the central criteria of the two strategies is provided. Results: The offshoring alternative usually provides benefits related to lower manufacturing costs and is ideal for mass production. On the other hand, nearshoring is focused on greater flexibility, which makes it ideal for products with a higher profit margin to exclusive markets. Conclusions: Currently, Latin America seems a great option for both offshoring and nearshoring, especially for the US, Canada, and European countries. To make this possible, governments and companies have to reformulate their political-private growth strategies focused on clear plans that promote the development of productive, logistical, technological, and innovation capacities, as well as the promotion of foreign investment, educational and scientific development, and the growth of regional demands. Financing: Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC). Keywords: Nearshore, Offshore, Onshore, Outsourcing.  

Objective:  This research paper presents the study and simulation of a four-bar mechanism, as well as the implementation of natural coordinates as an alternative and effective method for kinematic analysis. Methodology: A general method for the optimal synthesis of mechanisms for lower-limb prostheses is developed by implementing intelligent computing tools such as genetic algorithms, with the purpose of reducing study times. Results: Through biomechanical march studies, dimensional characterization and motion parameters are obtained, such as the CIR of the knee joint, with which a prosthetic model was developed, whose structural mechanical behavior was studied under use conditions by means of the finite element method. Conclusions: It is evidenced that the prosthesis model fulfills the kinematic requirements and is structurally functional under static and dynamic loads that exceed the nominal values of real loads and evidence safety factors above 7. Funding: Universidad de Pamplona