Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Gender parity is considered as the most important legal mechanism in defense of equitable political participation and representation between men and women for the constitution of public and decision-making organizations in an equitable manner. This article focuses on the analysis of the incursion and impact of gender parity in Ecuadorian legislation and its repercussion on the structuring of cantonal legislative organizations. Under a qualitative methodology on analysis and documentary review, the inductive method is adopted, to address the comprehensive foundation that supports the precept of parity, such as political participation and representation, formal and material equality and non-discrimination, equity and democracy. Underscoring that the legal regulations defend the exercise of the electoral system under the principle of gender parity, the development of innovative and different electoral processes with parity criteria, equity, alternability and sequentiality that guarantee inclusion is recommended.The municipal councils are cantonal legislative organizations that need to be constituted with men and women members, who represent the population, to allow them to collectively and collaboratively address the needs and interests of society. Although this aspiration is far from reality, as despite the legal requirement for parity, the current scenarios are causing a female underrepresentation and a democratic weakening.

This article analyzes the judicial precedents that declared components of nature as subjects of rights and ordered measures to apply them in Colombia —under an ecological Constitution, and in Ecuador —under a biocentric Constitution, addressing the role of the business sector. The cases that have generated constitutional binding jurisprudence in the two countries, allow to identify, what role corporations play in the protection of these rights that have been eluded under different figures such as the forum non conveniens, stimulating deliberation on the usefulness of international instruments through their present application and relevance.

That citizens can resist the oppression of a tyrannical power or can protest against government measures in a democratic society is a right recognized since the beginning of modernity, and as such has been incorporated into most current constitutional texts. This review article aims to analyze the tensions that are generated between the progressive use of force in the marches and protests that take place in Ecuador, and the exercise of the constitutional right to resistance recognized in the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador. 2008, by examining the concepts and categories related to the subject and the current regulatory framework applicable both to the exercise of the aforementioned right and to the progressive and proportional use of force by members of the National Police. The result is a systematization of the tensions that occur between the right to social protest and the action of the Ecuadorian State. From the methodological point of view, a documentary review is carried out to characterize the current situation in the country, in the face of citizen protests that are developed due to disagreements regarding the public policies that the governments of the day have adopted.

Within the commercial legal gate, commercial agreements have a leading role and essential importance. Because through them, entrepreneurs can articulate their actions and modulate their commercial behaviors in favor of the fulfillment of their certain objectives. In the case of business associative agreements, beyond the obvious objective of profit, cooperation also seeks the creation of an image that boosts the commercial career of each entrepreneur and serves as a gateway for the creation of a healthy commercial reputation. However, although any associative contract arises because of a legitimate negotiation that has as its intention the fulfillment of the obligations that the subsequent contract will collect, the possibility of a breach is always latent, which will not only affect the non-compliant entrepreneur but the entire association, since by acting jointly, all the participating entrepreneurs put at risk, apart from his investment, his own name and image as an entrepreneur. Therefore, it is correct that in the event of a breach that affects the reputation of the entire group of entrepreneurs, this damage is compensated, in accordance with the rules of civil liability.

Objetivo. El propósito de este trabajo fue explorar cómo el estudiantado de doctorado en los Estados Unidos y Chile ha experimentado su carrera en las ciencias de la vida, y cómo ha percibido la naturaleza de la ciencia (NdeC) a lo largo de sus vidas, incluyendo sus actividades como estudiantes de doctorado trabajando en laboratorios. Metodología. El diseño narrativo de este estudio cualitativo contempló hacer entrevistas individuales del tipo historia de vida a 10 estudiantes doctorales de Chile y 10 estadounidenses, aplicándoseles un cuestionario semi-estructurado que ahondaban sobre sus experiencias al aprender ciencias desde la niñez a la adultez. El trabajo con los datos se realizó a partir de un análisis temático combinado con el uso de un software de análisis cualitativo para codificar las entrevistas transcritas. Análisis de los resultados: El análisis mostró que el proceso de socialización en la práctica de hacer ciencia fue similar para el estudiantado chileno y estadounidense en cuanto a las distintas etapas de la vida, particularmente en la etapa del doctorado, donde las personas entrevistadas se refirieron a la creatividad como una característica de la NdeC. Conclusiones. Esto plantea una reflexión sobre el rol que tiene la familia, el profesorado, la escuela, la universidad y el profesorado guías como agentes socializadores en ciencia en diversas culturas.

Objetivo. El artículo que se presenta tiene por objetivo develar las concepciones que el futuro personal docente de educación básica posee respecto de la participación de los padres y las madres en la escuela. Metodología. Desde un enfoque cualitativo, el estudio se desarrolla en cuatro universidades de las regiones de Ñuble y Bío Bío en Chile. La producción de datos se efectúa a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 40 estudiantes de educación básica. Los discursos se analizan mediante la técnica de análisis estructural semántico. Resultados. Como principales hallazgos pueden señalarse un cuerpo de creencias a partir de los cuales, la participación de los padres y las madres es valorada en la medida que contribuye a alcanzar objetivos académicos, tanto en términos de modelador actitudinal, como de refuerzo de contenidos curriculares. A partir de allí se accede a la concepción prevalente, que sitúa la participación como indicador de compromiso parental, siempre y cuando esta no interfiera con el quehacer del profesorado. Conclusión. Se evidencia la necesidad de incorporar la temática desde la formación inicial del profesorado, y reconocer la diversidad de modelos familiares y estrategias que orienten el desempeño del rol parental educativo.

Objective. This study aims to identify stress, satisfaction, and willingness to continue using technological tools, as well as the main physical and emotional affections when carrying out distance learning activities presented by a sample of teachers of the primary, middle, and high school levels, as well as higher education, that taught distance learning in Mexico. Method. It was based on a non-experimental, cross-sectional, and comparative design. A questionnaire made in Google Forms was administered to 122 teachers. Results. The main results show that 25% of the sample presents low satisfaction; 30% show stress when carrying out their activities remotely; and 40% do not offer a willingness to continue using technological tools for their classes, being the schools of basic level the most affected. The main physical affections referred to were muscle aches, headaches and sleep problems, and emotional conditions related to anxiety, sadness, fear, and uncertainty. Conclusions. It is suggested to develop programs to identify and support the emotional affections of the teaching staff due to their remote work.

Objective. This research aimed to analyze the implementation of the mathematics curriculum of a private primary school located in an urban area of Costa Rica. Methodology. It was developed under the post-positivist paradigm, with a mixed design that used content analysis and descriptive statistics. Analysis of results. The review of teachers’ didactic plans, student notebooks, and applied written tests allowed a comparison with the institutional mathematics curriculum and generated inputs for decision-making. Conclusions. It is determined that, during the implementation, the teachers dedicate much time to the area of numbers, neglecting the other mathematical areas. This is evidenced in the number of items included in the written tests. Recommendations. The main recommendation is associated with adjusting the plans for the third school period of that year to correct the problem found; participant observation is also proposed as a complementary tool for future assessment.

Objective. This article shows the design and training of an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict academic results of Civil Engineering students of the Fabiola Salazar Leguía National Intercultural University, from Bagua-Peru, in the subject of Mathematics II. Method. The CRISP-DM methodology was used, surveys were conducted to collect the data, and the RNA model was implemented in the Matlab software using the nnstart command and two learning algorithms: Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG) and Levenberg-Marquardt (LM). The performance of the model was evaluated through the mean square error and the correlation coefficient. Conclusions. The LM algorithm achieved better prediction effectiveness.