Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

La recollida de mostres biològiques humanes dintre del context d´un assaig clínic promogut per un laboratorio farmacèutic i no relacionada directament amb l´assaig és cada cop més habitual. Aquest article planteja els conflictes bioètics que aquesta recollida, enmagatzematge i anàlisi comporten i com enfrontar-los.

Objectiu: analitzar la percepció dels usuaris de les xarxes socials sobre l'ús de sistemes d'IA al camp de la salut i els aspectes bioètics associats a aquest ús. Mètode: Estudi de mètode mixt, del tipus descriptiu-exploratori. El camí metodològic es va dividir en dues etapes: (1) recopilació d'informació sobre els aspectes bioètics principals involucrats en l'ús de la IA i (2) elaboració d'escenaris per a la presa de decisions. Les dades quantitatives es van analitzar mitjançant estadística descriptiva per caracteritzar la mostra des del punt de vista sociodemogràfic, així com per caracteritzar el perfil de presa de decisions de la mostra pel que fa a qüestions bioètiques associades a l'ús de sistemes d'IA. L'anàlisi de dades qualitatives es va fer utilitzant l'anàlisi de contingut de Bardin. Resultats: quant al perfil sociodemogràfic, es pot observar una mostra de dones adultes amb títol universitari. Pel que fa a les preocupacions ètiques associades als escenaris aplicats, les principals preocupacions van ser en primer lloc la privadesa i confidencialitat de les dades, seguides de les preocupacions relacionades amb la responsabilitat associada a l'ús d'aquestes tecnologies, així com el consentiment informat. Conclusió: D'aquesta manera, es destaca la importància de nous estudis empírics exploratoris com aquest, que avaluïn la percepció, actituds i opinions de públics especialitzats, com a professionals de la salut, dret, humanitats, per tal d'obtenir evidències concretes per al desenvolupament . programes de gestió i governança dels sistemes d'IA, especialment a l'escenari brasiler, on els recursos són escassos.

Despite multiple impacts associated with hydraulic fracturing, in Latin America this technique was widely implemented in some of the hydrocarbon-producing countries in this region. Among the impacts associated with fracking are the loss of vegetation cover and the change in land use. The analysis was based on representative samples made up of 10 oil fields, in two of the hydrocarbon zones with the greatest implementation of hydraulic fracturing, in two of the Latin American countries with the largest unconventional hydrocarbon reserves, the Neuquina basin, Argentina and the Burgos basin, Mexico. The samples were compared by means of land cover maps, designed from the interpretation of Landsat images in three different temporalities (2002, 2013 and 2019). In the samples from both basins, an increase in the elimination of the original vegetation cover was found, as well as a decrease in agriculture, during the period of greatest expansion of the technique.

The constant pressure of anthropogenic activities has generated that the cloud forest fragments (BN) have an island pattern surrounded by a matrix of socioeconomic activities. The conservation of this ecosystem is key due to its high biological diversity that it represents in relation to its territorial extension in Mexico and globally. The objective of this work is to analyze the changes in the vegetation cover and the structural connectivity of the BN in the 1995-2018 period in the Transversal Volcanic System of the state of Michoacán from the visual interpretation of Orthophotos and Spot satellite images. Landscape metrics were applied to later carry out their comparative analysis. The results obtained show that the BN coverage lost an area of ​​9,038 ha in 23 years, with a global deforestation rate between 1995-2018 of -1.4%. Regarding the structural connectivity, the BN was observed an increase in the number of patches, increasing from 628 in 1995 to 762 in 2018, as well as the density of patches going from 2.1 to 3.6 ha for the same period. This reflects that the BN has fragmented considerably, in addition to rapidly losing its original surface. It is essential to generate data and information that contribute to the construction of strategies that increase the connectivity of the landscape in the BN fragments, guaranteeing the survival of wild species, through actions aimed at conserving biodiversity in the long term and reducing the fragmentation and isolation of ecosystems.

The Chilean territory has been affected by various natural hazards, which have been exacerbated by current land use practices resulting into serious consequences for the affected communities. In this research, a model was developed that allows visualizing the behavior of the Mehuin system (Los Ríos Region, Chile) and identifying the variables that affect community resilience in the face of a tsunami. Results show that training in tsunami preparedness, an increment in unbuilt areas and community facilities, and the protection of coastal dunes and natural flood areas are the most beneficial alternatives for the Mehuin system to face a possible tsunami in a resilient way and it´s therefore where the authorities should focus their interest and the available resources. This model is a replicable tool for preventive adaptation of territorial systems exposed to different natural hazards, allowing an efficient use of public and private resources.

This work traces the path of first and subsequent ethnographers who, throughout the centuries following the Spanish conquest, undertook a gigantic task in order to find and collect information and data, from any source available then, or later discovered on the subject of ancient cultures once inhabiting the vast territory of the Anahuac. The main purpose of these researchers was learning about, preserving and divulging the historical memory and cultural patterns of these populations. Two men stand out among those scholars: Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, and Miguel León Portilla. Sahagún, a Spanish friar, carried out research on the subject since the middle of the 16th century. He collected valuable and key information which was later translated and transcribed into Spanish language. Most of this knowledge was gathered from educated Aztecan people who helped Sahagún with this mission. Besides, Indigenous Scholars as well as first educated generation of mestizos joined to that huge task of collect its own version of their precolumbian past and their vision of the Spanish Conquest. Four centuries later, at the middle of the 20th century, Miguel León Portilla, a Mexican historian, anthropologist and philosopher, would carry on an extensive research on the past events and cultural patterns in history of ancient Anahuac territory. León Portilla had, at the time, recourse to all existing texts on the theme, and also to a large amount of old and new findings about the ancient cultures which flourished in this part of Mesoamerica. This historian would keep working on that subject until his final days in 2019. It is fair to mention that throughout four centuries long, some other early ethnohistorians provided valuable contributions to the knowledge of the history of pre-Hispanic Mexico by continuing Sahagún’s path. Among them, Carlos Sigüenza y Góngora in the 17th century, Francisco Javier Clavigero in the 18th century and Fernando Chavero in the 19th century, all of them stood out for their valuable contributions to the studies on the peoples of ancient Mexico. The article ends by underlining León Portilla’s huge contribution with a significant amount of published studies that have been essential to the divulgement of the extraordinary history and cultural achievements of the ancient civilizations from the Anahuac valley.

In this text, it was analyzed, the book named Las relaciones internacionales de Costa Rica: un vistazo desde el Bicentenario [International Relations of Costa Rica: a look from the Bicentennial], edited by Carlos Cascante Segura, which was published by the EUNA in 2021. This work is part of the special collection published by the editorial already mentioned around the Bicentennial of the Ancient Kingdom of Guatemala. Volume VIII, which is the one studied here, dealt with the international relations of Costa Rica with different countries, international and supranational organizations, as well as the country’s international position on various important issues such as migration, the environment, drug trafficking, among others. The book had the contribution of 18 specialists from the different topics addressed.

In May 1597, Captain William Parker, along with half a hundred men, raided the town and port of San Francisco de Campeche in order to obtain some kind of booty. The purpose of this essay is to analyze this case in order to approach the configuration and characteristics of this raid based on the violence that occurred in it. To account for this process implies addressing the contexts that gave rise to the violence, as well as unveiling the subjects involved and their actions within the framework of this attack. Therefore, this case study is also a micro analysis proposal. Our presentation includes the following sections: a) frameworks of rationality, b) intentionalities, c) deployment of violence and d) conclusions. We assert that the raids were multidimensional, multifaceted and historically situated violent social events.

La visión tradicional que tenemos en México sobre la conquista y la instauración de la Nueva España resulta reduccionista y grandilocuente. Las investigaciones desarrolladas en las últimas dos décadas han permitido un conocimiento del pasado mucho más detallado que, de la mano de la transdisciplinariedad, ha provisto a la investigación de un enorme acervo de herramientas para el conocimiento del pasado. El presente artículo pretende abordar el tema de la creación de la primera Ciudad de México mediante la adaptación de la ciudad prehispánica que la precedió para acercarnos a la mentalidad de los conquistadores castellanos y al mismo Hernán Cortés por medio del análisis de fuentes, de los análisis urbanos y del trabajo historiográfico para esbozar la imagen de unos conquistadores que fueron pragmáticos y que modificaron y construyeron la Ciudad de México paleohispánica como pudieron, para defenderse de unos enemigos, imaginarios o reales, que podían ser mexicas, pero también europeos.  

This paper is a critical commentary on the book by José Pantoja Reyes published in 2017 by Colofón publishing house (Mexico). In this way, what is intended is to discuss the theses, objectives and explanations that the author provides throughout his historiographical reading of the Mexicayótl and Mexicana chronicles of the indigenous historian Hernando de Alvarado Tezozómoc (1520/30 ca-1610). Specifically, we will address those issues that have to do with the weight of the western Indian discourse, the late medieval imaginary in the rhetorical writing of the second half of the sixteenth century and the contemporary interpretative horizon of the Indian chronicles.