Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

This paper examines the counterinsurgency campaign carried by the Sudanese government and the Janjawid militias during the Darfur war. The first part considers whether that campaign constituted genocide according to the definition and four guidelines set forth by Barbara Harff to identify genocide. The second section explains the Darfur genocide based both on a historical review and analysis of the six preconditions or factors identified by Harff, namely, political upheaval, previous genocides, the ideological orientation of the ruling elite, the type of regime, the ethnic character of the ruling elite, and openness to foreign trade. This research aims at establishing whether the nature of the policies of the Sudanese government and the Janjawid militias were genocide or politycide -mass murder of political groups- to identify and explain accordingly its causes. 

The driving question underlying this work is whether the Holocaust had features that did not exist in any other form of genocide. When unprecedented elements in a social phenomenon are discussed, the first question that comes to mind is: Unprecedented compared to what? Taking a comparative stance and bearing in mind that the horror of the Holocaust consisted not in that it diverted from human standards, but that in fact it did not, this work reviews the genocide of Tutsis, Armenian, Khmer, Muslim Chams, Vietnamese, and Roma, to conclude that the Holocaust represents an extreme form of genocide. On the other hand, it is argued that differences must be analyzed in order to learn from what has happened. As a result of the acquired knowledge, the dialectical relationship between particularity and universality of horror is revealed. The Holocaust conveys a warning. We do not know if we will succeed in spreading what we have learned, but if there is even a single chance in a million, that sense must prevail; we have the moral obligation of trying, in the spirit of Kant's ethical -moral- philosophy.

When discussing the Holocaust, the terms “factories of death,” “white-collar murderer,” and “bureaucratic efficiency” are frequently used, leading to a distorted idea of what really happened. This work contends that far from being an impersonal and purely systematic process the Holocaust was often a rather chaotic labor. Where the horrors it perpetrated in some sense “modern”? Was the Holocaust an expression or outgrowth of the terrible powers implicit in modernity? New empirical findings are shifting our attention away from what made the Third Reich emblematic of general patterns of modern society and remind us of the ways in which that regime was profoundly aberrant and atavistic. Although this swing of the interpretive pendulum hardly represents the last word, it deserves a careful consideration that shows how the primitivism of the Nazi project exceeds by far its modern attributes.

Artículo editorial del número.

Artículo editorial del número.

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La forma, tamaño y color de pulpa del fruto son aspectos que determinan su aceptación por el consumidor y prioritarios en el mejoramiento genético de papaya. El objetivo fue validar el uso de marcadores moleculares para seleccionar genotipos en términos del tipo sexual, color y tamaño del fruto. Genotipos (F1 y F2) derivados de la cruza intraespecífica L7xM22 fueron caracterizados molecularmente en etapa juvenil. Hasta los 6 a 9 meses se comparó con la clasificación basada en caracteres morfológicos. Se utilizó el marcador CPM1815Y52 (tipo sexual), el marcador CPFC1 (color de pulpa), así como ocho QTLs asociados al tamaño del fruto. El marcador CPM1815YC2 identificó plantas hermafroditas y femeninas en una proporción 2:1, en 100% de los genotipos F1 y F2 evaluados. Con el marcador CPFC1 se identificó que en la población F1, el 53.57% presentó pulpa amarilla naranja y 46.43% pulpa naranja-rojizo. En la F2, el alelo homocigoto recesivo de color naranja-rojizo se introgresó en 98.1%, 92.6% y 100% respecto a H90B, H70B y H77B. La predicción molecular del tipo floral y el color de pulpa, al comprobarse fenotípicamente en etapa de plántulas con 3 y 7 meses de anticipación a la presencia de flores y frutos es de gran utilidad en programas de mejoramiento asistido por marcadores, Ningún QTL estudiado, fue capaz de predecir el tamaño, ni la forma de fruto; investigaciones posteriores serán necesarias para desarrollar QTLs (u otros marcadores moleculares) mejor relacionados al tamaño y forma de frutos de papaya de híbridos entre Maradol x material criollo. 

Introduction: many investigations have determined the existence of psychopathological illnesses like anxiety and depression before, during, and after the disease process for cancer patients. Objective: to determine the relation between Self-Transcend, Anxiety and Depression in cancer patients receiving treatment. As well as, to establish differences based on gender. Materials and Methods: association, transversal study executed between December 2014 and April 2015. The sample was made up of 140 cancer patients who receive chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy treatment with a minimum of one month in treatment, 62 men and 78 women between the ages of 18-60, who attended four health centers in the state of Lara-Venezuela. Each participant gave their consent and responded voluntarily to Reed’s Self-transcendence Scale, the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Zung’s Depression Scale. Results: using Pearson’s correlational analysis, a small negative relation was found between Self-Transcend and the dimension Social Concerns/Stress of the Anxiety scale (r=-.235; p<.01) as well as, a moderate negative relation with Depression (r=-.439; p<.01). As for Anxiety and Depression, a moderate positive relation was found (r=.519; p<.01). Student’s T study showed significant differences for Anxiety and the dimensions of Worry/Oversensitivity and Physiological Anxiety.  Conclusion: the results of this study manifest the need for interventions that potentiate self-transcendence in cancer patients, with the purpose of mitigating the symptoms associated with both disorders. Key words: spirituality, anxiety, depression, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, cancer.

Introduction: Cuban nurses should be aware that their profession is a system historically constituted by an ordered knowledge whose veracity is checked and points out every day during the passing of research and nursing practice. Objective: To describe the level of empirical evidence of Patricia Benner’s theory; from the beginner to expert. Material and Methods: This article is the result of an observational - descriptive study. To write this article, were used the method of analysis and synthesis, inductive - deductive, historical - logical, the hypothetical - deductive. It starts with a theory’s chronological study where the theory’s structure was broken down, and explained, treating one by one the proposals and main elements of the theory, applying it to the problem that bring about this article. Results: Patricia Benner has developed a descriptive and interpretative compendium about clinical nursing. Patricia Benner’s theory; provides an opportunity to consider different ways of seeing and doing things, which is assumed as a stimulus to thought, in the opinion of the authors when it is studied the labor and professional progress of Nursing’s Bachelor, we understood how the changes that resulted in the labor and social environment are influenced by technological, economic, social and political factors. Conclusions: The empirical evidence of Patricia Benner’s theory; is overwhelming, we consider that helps to increase the knowledge and interpretation of reality and to systematize and give an order to knowledge.Keywords:Patricia Benner’s Theory, beginner, advanced beginner, competent, efficacious, expert.

Introduction:Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are rare tumors secondary to a malign proliferation of mesenchymal cells, and the complete surgical resection of these tumors depends in great measure of its quick diagnosis. Objective: To present a clinical case of an extrinsic tumor of the small intestine stromal diagnosed in its initial state making emphasis in imaging diagnostic. Case presentation: A 56 years old male patient that didn't have up a conclusive diagnostic until 2014 after applying different diagnostic tests because he presented chronic anemia and melena. In January 2015 was carried out an abdominal echography, a simple oral and  intravenous contrasted multilayer computerized axial tomography, an also a virtual colonoscopy, describing a hypodense image of tumoral appearance, with variable density, nor infiltration of vascular structures neither intra-abdominal secondary lesions, concordant with GIST. It was decided to carry out surgery for the complete tumor resection. The anatomic and pathological studies confirmed a GIST type fusocellular tumor, of intermediate degree and aggressive bearing. Conclusions: The success in GIST early diagnosis depends of several specialties domain, where the imaging studies play an important role in the behavior to be followed, either for an appropriate surgical treatment or with adjuvant, because they are complex tumors in its presentation. Keywords: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors, small intestine, computerized axial tomography.