Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Only 1% of the freshwater available on the planet runs off the earth's surface and is unevenly distributed, and its scarcity is increasingly evident (JUMAPAM, 2021). The regions of Peru and the City of Pampas are not alien to this problem, which requires to be analyzed from a systems approach since the traditional approaches are not helpful anymore. The work aims to propose an alternative for the management of surface water scarcity, using dynamic models and considering the water scarcity index as a warning indicator of surface water scarcity. The model was built following the system dynamics modeling process, based on the methodology for calculating the surface water scarcity index (Gonzalo et al., 2004). In conclusion, the proposed model shows its usefulness in understanding the complexity of the problem under study and as a management tool in decision-making.

The main objective of this study was to analyze the flow of water by redistribution through the horizons of volcanic soil profiles in the unsaturated zone once the infiltration of rainwater has been completed. From experimental monoliths, volumetric water contents were monitored in profiles at different depths to understand the temporal flow dynamics along a profile. The physical and hydraulic properties of the horizons such as texture, granulometry, organic matter, bulk density, real density, were evaluated in the laboratory, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and moisture retention. It was found that the physical and hydraulic properties of the horizons help to explain the behavior of the water in depth. Water contributions by depth redistribution, due to vertical flow, were found from the analysis of volumetric water contents. These contributions are evidenced by increases in volumetric contents during the development of the experiment. From the experimental study it was possible to observe how the flow by redistribution varies in the profiles of a horizon, thus showing the variation of the properties of the horizons in depth. Once water redistribution flows were established, the types of water flow manifested in the monolith profiles were characterized to establish what the dynamics of the deep wetting front are and how it advances during the development of the experiment. The results showed that in the monoliths the piston flow, the preference flow and the dual or combined flow product of the combination of both are presented.

This article has described the development of a computer program for the adjustment of geodetic networks, using the model of mediate observations. The program is the result of a research activity carried out, during the year 2021, within the School of Topography, Cadaster and Geodesy (ETCG), at the National University. The application resulting from the research provides to the ETCG with an open-source tool for the adjustment of geodetic networks, which allows improving the teaching and learning processes in the different courses of the Engineering in Topography and Geodesy career, in addition to facilitating the different research processes that are carried out in the Academic Unit. The development of a geodetic network adjustment program within the ETCG contributes to eliminating the costs associated with the purchase of licenses and strengthening the formulation of final graduation projects.

The aesthetic characteristics of landscapes and their perception are a current topic of scientific interest, in particular applied to tourism and recreation. The following was posed as a research question: how to estimate the aesthetic values of landscapes with the use of a map of units or types of landscapes? In turn, the following objective was established: topropose a qualitative-quantitative evaluation procedure, the result of experimentation with various cartographic indicators, selected empirically, representative of observable geographic characteristics of landscapes. Different maps are presented as results, which reflect the calculation of these indicators and a summary map. The identification of the landscape sectors with the highest aesthetic values is important in the spatial planning of tourism and contributes to the conservation and management of the studied territory. In this case it is applied to the Piraputanga Park-Highway Environmental Protection Area, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul.

Transformations in land use are drivers of Global Change and environmental impacts associated with the provision of ecosystem services linked to the edaphic resource. The change in land use strongly affects the soil organic carbon stock, a fundamental force for soil quality and services. The objective of this work has been to estimate the variation in the soil organic carbon stock associated with the trends of the agriculturization process in the Environmental Units of the Tandil department in the period 1989 - 2004 - 2019. It was determined, in each Unit, the soil organic carbon stock using the IPCC method. The resulting data with the variation of the agricultural area in the analyzed period allowed to determine the effect of the transformations in the use of the land in each land- scape. It is evidenced that agriculturization is a key driver in the deterioration of the soil’s capacity to maintain the provision of associated ecosystem services

The municipality of Autlán presents problems of land use change and erosion that favor landslides. Spatial identification of these phenomena (5 risk classes) shows that 3 localities are located in high and very high risks areas (Autlán, Ahuacapán and Mezquitán), mainly due to the influence  of Regosol soils, annual and maximum precipitation in 24 hours with a statistically significant relationship of P < 0.05, R2 = 0.99, 0.66 and 0.86. Landslides represent a risk for infrastructure and the population, finding a significant relationship (α = 0.001) between the number of houses and population density per locality only for regular to high threat to landslide. In the absence of land use planning by the municipality, attention and remediation activities are proposed, mainly in urban areas located in landslide-sensitive structures, taking into account the results obtained

Urban expansion generally implies the informal occupation of vulnerable natural spaces, which leads to the deterioration of these ecosystems. This same phenomenon occurs in the Purrumpama wetland, located in Huamachuco, a city in the Sierra Libertad of Peru. For this reason, the objective of this article was to carry out a temporal analysis of the flora present in the wetland, contrasting the results obtained with a temporal analysis in Google Earth and identifying the relationship with urban expansion. For this purpose, Landsat 8 and Google Earth satellite images were used, delimiting the study area as established by the plans of the Sánchez Carrión Provincial Municipality.   In this way, it will continue that there is a constant decrease in vegetation cover in the South and South-East areas of the wetland, calculating a loss of 74,792 m2 of the wetland from 2012 to 2021. Likewise, it was argued that the ambivalent actions of the municipality has legitimized the occupation of houses and control actions have been ineffective.

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) online was carried out on a set of daily observation files belonging to 13 GNSS stations of continuous operation in Costa Rica, which were adapted to three-time intervals: 24 hours, 6 hours in the morning and 6 hours in the afternoon. The study was conducted between week 1934 and week 1986. The main objective was to determine the influence of the different time intervals on the PPP solutions obtained through the Canadian CSRS-PPP online service and their discrepancies with respect to the coordinates calculated weekly by the Sistema de Referencia Geodésico para las Américas (SIRGAS) and that are currently linked to the ITRF2014/IGb2014 solution. The results showed that the differences in the geocentric components, in addition to the time interval used in the processing, also depend on the geographical location, which represents an element to consider if users contemplate this online service as an option for computation of GNSS observations.

In Costa Rica and in particular in the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM), most of the studies on the subject of inter-modality and transportation raise proposals related to the right to mobility and the implementation of inter-modality, however, they do not establish the feasibility to execute it. Also, the analysis of the theoretical issues and the approach under which they are oriented are left aside. This article proposes a series of theoretical reflections on important concepts and principles of urban mobility, based on the methodology of strategic city planning and under the sustainable urban planning approach. From the principles of continuity and connectivity that seek to promote the movement and displacement of people, goods and services, this article considered the approach of the concept of urban corridor as a strategy for mobility. It's included, a brief study of urban morphology and a circulation model (in a sector of the Greater Metropolitan Area). The results evidenced the GAM's limited capacity to promote interconnections between different places.

Esta fue impulsada por el gobierno de Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez y ejecutada por el contratista norteamericano Henry Meiggs Keith. En su momento esa obra incluyó, geográficamente, el norte y el oeste de los valles coloniales de Orosi y Ujarrás, respectivamente, en la provincia de Cartago. Esta investigación abarcó la compilación documental (histórica) y de insumos geoespaciales, así como la identificación, análisis e integración, mediante SIG, de vestigios constructivos de obras civiles y de evidencias de actividad antrópica asociada, dentro del área de estudio. Como resultado fue posible reconstruir geoespacialmente la ruta original del ferrocarril en el sector geográfico de interés, mediante una confiable integración metodológica, de las diferentes evidencias identificadas.