Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Abstract In Chile, the presence of slums or informal settlements is one of the expressions most commonly associated with urban informality. They represent a housing access strategy that has been used by vulnerable groups who, for different reasons, have been excluded from the formal housing market. The case study is 274 homes of Chilean citizens and immigrants who reside in 17 slums located in the districts of Lampa and Maipú, in the Metropolitan Region. Information was gathered to characterize these households socioeconomically and analyze their internal and external migration movements, as well as to determine the probability of action that they have in order to find a definitive housing solution. It has been concluded that immigrant households don’t choose to live in slums directly, but they usually take approximately three years. On the other hand, the previous housing situation of these households is marked by different types of informality, renting without a contract being characteristic, and their trajectories between districts are broad, unlike Chilean households whose trajectories occur within of the same district. Finally, it is determined that when the horizon of permanence in the slum is longer, the probability of searching actively for a housing situation decreases strongly.

We discuss conflicts between different mining historicities in the city of Iquique, expressed on a daily basis in its urbanization processes, and dynamized through mobilities of mining workers between / through the city. Understanding historicity as a particular way of interlocking past, present and future, whose urban expression in Iquique we relate here to mining activities of saltpeter (1885-1930) and copper (1990-present), we frame our discussions from the paradigm of mobilities, in addition to critical historiographical and urban notions. Relying on a multilocal ethnographic methodology, our results points growing conflicts between the saltpeter and copper historicity in Iquique, which cannot be understood from traditional approaches, but from new approaches of their mobility.

Metropolitan expansion is linked to the neoliberal capitalist model, where the deregulation of ejidal social property provokes the control of market forces as the axis of transformation and change of inhabited space. In this context, urban expansion in the Morelia-Tarímbaro-Charo metropolitan area occurs on ejido land, forcing ejidatarios to insert themselves in the processes of property regime change to put their land on the urban land market. Focused on the case of the municipality of Charo, Michoacán, Mexico, this paper analyzes the relationship between metropolitan expansion and the disaffection of the ejidos. As main findings, it was found that the ejido, as an institution and as a possessor of the land, is kept outside the processes of territorial planning. In municipal, urban and metropolitan development plans and programs, the problems of irregular land occupation are attributed to it. Based on the use of qualitative methods such as documentary and cartographic analysis, the dynamics of metropolitan expansion, the marginal role of the ejido in planning processes and possible ways for its incorporation in future exercises of territorial planning by the entities public.   

The article analyzes the organization and functioning of the first extension service in Mexico, which was established in the State of Mexico in 1952, within the government of the agronomy engineer Salvador Sánchez Colín. The research states that this institution, paramount for diffusing agricultural innovations of the so-called «green revolution», had three sources. The first one refers to one program of agricultural development built up by Sánchez between 1945 and 1951, which defined the crops-and-livestock activities that would be the target of streamlining. The second is related to previous experiences of agricultural extension in Mexico, with a particular interest in those of the National Corn Commission, which between 1949 and 1951 started projects of improved seeds and fertilizers diffusion. The third was the technical and financial support of the Mexican Agricultural Program, a project for agricultural modernization in which the Rockefeller Foundation was involved.

This article examines the role of Guatemalan president Juan José Arévalo (1945-1951) in the Costa Rican civil war in 1948. It does so by delving into his geopolitical interests and conceptions, his multinational associates, the military support to the rebels, and the regional origins and repercussions of the victory of Costa Rican rebel José Figueres. A focus on Arevalo’s actions helps understand the complex regional and global implications of the conflict, intertwining them with the long-term roots of what has been called the Central American Cold War. The article proposes that the war was a combination of the documented presence of fragments of the U.S. global Cold War agenda and the culmination of a series of regional tensions characteristic of the Central American Cold War. Using mainly new personal letters from Arévalo, complemented by Mexican and British diplomatic documents, along with other minor archives, this article is framed within a historiographical methodology that favors the interactions between Latin American countries and the long-term regional trajectories to understand the Latin American Cold War.

The supply of drinking water during the 1940s in the state of Veracruz was a slow process that reflected local governments' slow improvement of urban infrastructure. In the case of Xalapa City, during the first five years of that decade, a series of issues related to the liquid occurred, denoting the precarious management and the attempt to improve the water infrastructure. In this sense, this article addresses the perception of the Xalapa city council regarding the project of «national modernity» through a content analysis of the municipal requests, specifically from the drinking water service to account for the council’s actions in this regard. Thus, reflecting from a local history perspective allows us to understand that urban processes are not unilateral in regional settings.

The existence of a close relationship between diplomacy and intellectual life was a striking feature during the nineteenth century in South America, especially in the period after the independence movements and at their end, when men of letters, academics and specialists in law had a prominent role in the elaboration and reflection on the foreign policy of their countries. In this article, we analyze the relations between Argentina and the United States in their diplomatic, cultural and intellectual dimensions, considering as a central object the analysis of the performance of Estanislao Severo Zeballos (1854-1923) between 1889 and 1908.

This article focused on the analysis of precautionary measures and their effectiveness within international arbitration processes in commercial matters, taking into account fundamental aspects, such as who is responsible for granting these precautionary measures, what these measures can be, as well What; its recognition and execution, for it was used in the elaboration of the present work, the documentary and bibliographical analysis of a series of sources, which allowed to know and understand in depth the subject under investigation. For a better understanding of the reader, the work is structured in five subtopics: the first aimed at a brief historical review of international commercial arbitration, its development and growth; the second dedicated to precautionary measures, but in terms of its generalities, since as is well known these measures are necessary in any matter of law, to guarantee the process. Then in the third subtopic precautionary measures are addressed, but already in the specific field of international commercial arbitration. The fourth is dedicated to the granting of precautionary measures in arbitration and, finally, the recognition and execution of precautionary measures in international arbitration, always in commercial matters.

The minutes of the general shareholders' meeting acquire probative value for the public limited company in the development of its corporate activity and for its effective compliance by the administrative body. When it is approved in accordance with the statutory requirements, it will have legal effects and will be valid as documentary evidence to demonstrate in court or in the Mercantile Registry the existence of the corporate agreements.

There is an erroneous understanding in the country that any arbitration of equity, including in disputes arising from engineering and construction contracts, the arbitral tribunal shall issue the award conscientiously, to known truth and good faith kept. It turns out that the Law of Mediation and Arbitration, raises two specific assumptions and hence the inadequate application of the law. In practice, in various construction equity arbitration disputes, the obligation to appoint professional and technical arbitrators to deal with the complexity of construction contracts is omitted and in addition, a set of regulations and regulations that are mandatory for a tribunal made up of technicians and professionals is omitted.  In this paper he analyzes this problem and contributes to the better understanding of what is foreseen in the law as an obligation of the arbitral tribunal made up of professionals and technicians.