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546,196 artículos
Año:
2016
ISSN:
1726-569X, 0717-5906
Polarity of comments and internal consistency in peer review reports on scientific research articles
Astudillo, César; Squadrito, Karem; Varas, Germán; González, Carlos; Sabaj, Omar
Universidad de Chile. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Bioética
Resumen
Peer review reports on scientific articles means a key genre to explain how scientific knowledge is collectively constructed. In these reports, reviewers write a recommendation for publication along with a series of comments. The quality analysis of the peer review process has been commonly conducted based on indicators, such as rejection rates and the agreement level among evaluators. However, a more qualitative investigation on the process still remains outstanding. This work aims at describing the polarity (positive, negative and neutral) of comments corresponding to 56 peer review reports belonging to the journal Onomázein and determining whether this proportion is consistent with the reviewers recommendation, i.e. Accepted, Accepted with major revisions, Accepted with minor revisions and Rejected). After the analysis of 1.472 comments, it was possible to determine that the highest proportion of comments is negative, independent of the decision. The analyzed processes also showed a high level of consistency. The more favorable the recommendation, the higher the proportion of positive comments, and, consequently, the less the proportion of negative comments.
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Año:
2016
ISSN:
1726-569X, 0717-5906
Florenzano, Ramón; Huepe, Gabriela; Barr, Michelle
Universidad de Chile. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Bioética
Resumen
This paper describes the changes in alcohol research, from a traditional individual focus on individual bodily and mental effects, to a broader focus on harm to others. This shift has coincided with broader sequential definitions of the progression from normal through harmful alcohol dependence, both in the specialized epidemiological and also in the newer classificatory systems (DSM 5 and CIE 11 draft). After presenting updated global, regional and chilean data, an international collaborative Project (Alcohol Harm to Others, ATOH) is described, with the participating institutions: the local study and the chilean components of the research team, the conceptual framework of harm to others (families, children, women; neighbors, friends, co-workers; society at large). Ethical aspects and institutional approval are presented and the principal results outlined: socio-demographic data (with special focus on the role of gender, socio-economic level and religiosity/spirituality). The data is presented for the chilean sample, with examples from other participating countries. The complexity of the link between alcohol harm to others and religious and spiritual factors is studied comparing data from several of the participating countries, and the impact upon vulnerable populations, especially women and children. The discussion reviews some of the confounding and intervening factors that could influence the results. The conclusion about prevention and policy development closes the paper.
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Año:
2016
ISSN:
1726-569X, 0717-5906
Palhares, Dario; Squinca, Flávia; Rodrigues, Antônio Carlos
Universidad de Chile. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Bioética
Resumen
Sports Medicine comprises two branches: one, related to professional athletes and the other, related to the general population vis a vis sports and physical activity. The bioethical conflicts involving professional athletes are different from those of amateur practitioners. There is a constant deliberation related to the requirement of medical evaluation before admission to a gym. There are regional laws that make the medical certificate an obligatory document. It is observed that in the creation of these laws, the arguments are guided by a way to transfer responsibility from the gym to the physician who has attended the client. In a sense, the laws that indiscriminately require medical certificates subvert the ethics of the medical practice because the medical officer is not capable to assure that a given patient has no medical issue; instead the medical work is to try to identify the cause to a complaint. The gyms provide clients with orientation and supervision by providing them with qualified professionals. Although the need for medical certificates for everybody is unethical, a detailed medical evaluation is needed for gym clients who may present clinical manifestations during exercise or have some specific clinical conditions.
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Año:
2016
ISSN:
1726-569X, 0717-5906
Peixoto, Paula; de Santana Silva, Juciara; Lago da Silva Sena, Edite; Silva de Oliveira Boery, Rita Narriman; Yarid, Sérgio Donha
Universidad de Chile. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Bioética
Resumen
Review article whose purpose is to reflect the light of bioethics risk and protection, the results of a literature review on the care of women victims of sexual violence. Proceeded to search for journals indexed in the database of the Virtual Health Library and Scopus considering publications since 2003. Data collection was conducted in May 2013 using the keywords: “sexual violence”, “assistance”, “services to women’s health”, “abortion”, “pregnancy”. We retrieved 15 publications. The results were grouped into two thematic categories: bioethical issues related to women’s access to care services, and bioethical aspects present in attendance. The discussion took place in the light of bioethics risk and protection. The State must ensure universalide access to the victims of sexual violence and health professionals should be prepared for this bioethically care.
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Año:
2016
ISSN:
1726-569X, 0717-5906
Arango Bayer, Gloria Lucía
Universidad de Chile. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Bioética
Resumen
This article presents one of the many objectives of a doctorate thesis, oriented towards identifying and describing the institutional values and principles perceived as predominant by nurses and medical practitioners in three hospitals in Bogota. For this reason, a qualitative study of thegrounded theory sort,was carried out, including 49 in-depth interviews with medical practitioners and registerednurses ofthreehospitalslocated in Bogota: one public, one private and one pertaining to a specialregimen of Colombia’s armed forces and police. The results of the afore mentioned study suggest that five predominant values exist in the hospitals: efficiency, hierarchy, image, quality of care and the individual (be it as a patient or as a client). Recommendations are formulated for profesional development, education, research and hospitals.
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Año:
2016
ISSN:
1726-569X, 0717-5906
Artvinli, Fatih
Universidad de Chile. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Bioética
Resumen
Work-related diseases, injuries, risks and deaths are the issues gaining importance especially in developing countries. The ethical dimensions of occupational health and safety issues have been relatively less examined. Responsibility, consent, autonomy, paternalism, choice and other concepts, such values or justifications used in medical ethics and bioethics are also applicable to occupational health and safety domain. This article examines the ethical issues of responsibility and consent to occupational risk. In this article, first, the concepts of consent and risk are defined, then different views on responsibility and consent to risk are discussed and finally responsibility of society and the government are examined.
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Año:
2016
ISSN:
1726-569X, 0717-5906
Young, Allan
Universidad de Chile. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Bioética
Resumen
Efforts to investigate psychiatric disorders across cultures routinely ignore a pervasive cultural influence, namely the culture of psychiatry. This article focuses on how the culture of psychiatry affects our understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is diagnosed by means of standardized symptom criteria and scales. Yet it is a heterogeneous phenomenon. The illusion of homogeneity is fostered by a categorical conception of traumatic memory that homogenizes posttraumatic memories and erects an obstacle to investigating the disorder’s historical nature, clinical phenomenology, and neuro-physiology and neuro-anatomy. I illustrate this process, via an epidemic of PTSD that now affects a quarter of a million American war veterans.
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Año:
2016
ISSN:
1726-569X, 0717-5906
Quezada Sepúlveda, Álvaro
Universidad de Chile. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Bioética
Resumen
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Año:
2016
ISSN:
1726-569X, 0717-5906
Besio Rollero, Mauricio
Universidad de Chile. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Bioética
Resumen
The issue of induced abortion, in general, and the called therapeutic abortion in particular, has generated a lot of concern for both the medical profession, as well as for all society. They involve important values for individuals and for the entire population. There is much confusion about the terms used to nominate the various actions that the obstetricians decide to implement in clinical situations that their patients present. This paper aims to clarify which pregnancy interruptions are not only permissible but obligatory actions to a doctor, and correspond to the goals of medicine, and which of them are really induced abortions. To do so, the purpose of the medical profession is analyzed and to whom the health professional should always provide their care. Performs a reflection on the difference between concept, criteria, and signs to distinguish them when talking about fetal viability and induced abortion. From that perspective, establishes the concept of induced abortion, seeking its necessary features and avoiding confusion with the criteria and signs used to recognize this reality in a particular case. Finally, follows which are the criteria and signs of a termination of pregnancy in agreement with the values of medicine.
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Año:
2016
ISSN:
1726-569X, 0717-5906
Valenzuela, Carlos Y.
Universidad de Chile. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Bioética
Resumen
This study shows the inapplicability of the doctrine of double effect (DDE) to all the cases of therapeutic abortion (TA). The causes of the maternal risk define cases that cannot be included in the DDE. When it is not the embryo or fetus that produces the mother pathology the case can be assigned to the DDE. When the embryo or fetus produces directly or indirectly the process that threatens the mother’s life the case cannot be assigned to the DDE. If the fetus is the cause of the imminent mother’s death, the removal of the cause, that is the proper therapy, coincides with killing him or her; then the good action (to save therapeutically the mother) is the same to the bad action (to kill the fetus) and this situation cannot be assimilated either to the DDE or to the doctrine of the lesser evil. Deciding not to kill the fetus will produce the death of the mother and the fetus. So this situation should be ascribed to the principle of the unique possible well.
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