Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The impact on economic activity due to the confinement and temporary closure decreed to non-essential companies by COVID-19 caused a differentiated impact by gender in Sonoran MSMEs. Objective: To describe the economic impact of the COVID-19 contingency in Sonoran MSMEs, identifying differences by gender. Methodology: Relational, comparative, cross-sectional exploratory study using unstructured survey and interview techniques, simple random sampling method, sample size 107 of businesspersons and women from the formal sector in Sonora. For data processing, the SPSS version 25 Program was used. Limitations: Since the survey was applied during confinement by COVID-19, business chambers were asked to provide support to answer it, registering a lower participation by municipalities. Results: That are more significant correlations were found for women entrepreneurs than for men in: jobs generated, income level, dismissal of workers and essential activity, as well as the problems caused by COVID-19. Conclusion: Evidence was found that for women entrepreneurs MSMEs in Sonora, the effect of the pandemic is greater than for men in these types of companies

Objective: To establish a theoretical-conceptual approach that bases the delimitation of a region as a scale of study within research focused on social development management issues. Methodology: Analysis of different theoretical aspects that conceive the region from geographical, sociological and economic perspectives. Results: Proposal for the delimitation of the region category as a spatial scale for the study and management of social development. Limitations: The proposal presented does not consider region delimitations from other theoretical perspectives than those addressed in the methodology. Conclusions: The region constitutes an appropriate scale for the study and management of social development in two senses. First, from an epistemological perspective, by constituting a level of spatial resolution in which economic, social and political processes can be studied and analysed; second, in an ontological sense, as a geographical reality that demands to be understood in its complexity for the planning and management of its development.

Objective: The objective of the research is to discuss the role of criminal groups in the social fabric of the study locality and the social implications of forced internal displacement. Methodology: The methodology used combines auto-ethnography and classical anthropology. Results: The results show that criminal groups condition social behavior in the search to strengthen their social and economic power. Limitations: The work delves into only one locality in the Sierra de Guerrero, an aspect that limits extrapolating the results to understand the phenomenon of forced displacement in its full magnitude. Conclusions: It is concluded that criminal groups and their territorial presence do not only conform to the control and trafficking of drugs but also intervene in different economic activities in the face of the non-existent presence of the State.

Objective: Analyze the value network of an avocado packing plant in Zitácuaro, to propose a supplier development scheme that contributes to improving its competitiveness. Methodology: The value network was used as an analysis tool around the packing company and a multiple linear regression model was used. Results: The results indicate that there are three strata of producers (suppliers) in the region depending on the technological level. Although all the strata record profits, there are differences with respect to volume and prices. The producers registered an INAI greater than 50% in the health and harvest categories; however, there are lags in terms of organization and administration. The multiple linear regression model with a value of R2 = 0.87 determined that the explanatory variables of profitability are harvested area, yield and the organizational innovation index. Limitations: It is an applicable study for a particular company, established in a specific region. Conclusion: The agri-business supplier development strategy should consider the establishment of alliances (integration, organization and innovation) with suppliers, to ensure the supply of raw materials in a timely manner and the quality demanded by current markets. As well as strengthening the relationship with complementary agents, while continuously analyzing competitors and trends in the avocado market.

Objective: characterize the processes of collection, commercialization and consumption of herbaceous quelites, mainly native, in the city of Toluca, Mexico. Methodology: The work was carried out in four markets of the aforementioned city. The ethnographic method was used; semi-structured interview guides were applied to 20 collectors, 73 merchants and 69 quelite consumers. Results: In the city of Toluca and its surroundings, quelites continue to be collected, marketed and consumed, but in low quantities; 12 species were identified, and the ones that are mainly consumed are the following: quintoniles (Amaranthus hybridus), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), chivatitos (Calandrinia micrantha), ashes (Chenopodium berlandieri) and huauzontles (Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae). They are prepared at least 12 ways. Limitations: The research was restricted to the markets of the city of Toluca during one time of the year. Conclusions: The quelites that are sold in the traditional markets in the city of Toluca are collected in the surrounding rural areas or are purchased in the large distribution centers; there has been a reduction in their consumption in the last five or eight years.

Objective: To present the situation that prevails due to the non-compliance with human rights and the identity changes identified in communities bordering the banks of three hydroelectric dams in Nayarit. Methodology: The research was based on the ethnographic method focused on the study of people and cultures, resorting to semi-structured interviews with authorities and residents of the communities, to learn from their own voices, the changes that arose from the construction of hydroelectric dams. The results of a survey applied to 85 people over 45 years of age were used to express the transformations in their lifestyles, worldview and traditions. Results: It was found that the population of the native communities under study are in a situation of extreme poverty, which has not been solved with the provision of public goods and services, likewise, a strong tendency to the loss of their culture and identity was observed in the new generations. Limitations: Greater depth in the study of culture and local development in indigenous peoples. Conclusions: The native communities are in a process of change in their lifestyles, customs and traditions, and that there is little interest of older generations in their transmission, due to the resistance to adopt and maintain them by the new generations, the existence of a high population mobility was observed, and that the audiovisual contamination by information and communication technologies, threaten their identity, languages and ways of life.

Objective: Carry out an exploratory socioeconomic study to identify the level of poverty of the General Cárdenas community, municipality of Cintalapa, Chiapas, based on characterizing their food sovereignty, basic food basket and food consumption, from the perspective of the Labor Theory of Value. Methodology: A socioeconomic survey carried out in the second half of 2016, and the first quarter of 2017, applied to 87 families in the town. The information obtained was processed with the IBM SPSS Statistics V21 and Excel software, complemented with qualitative techniques such as participant observation and field diary. Results: 95.40% of the population received daily per capita income below the international poverty level (1.25 USD_PPA) and 60.92% equal to or below 1 USD_PPA, placing them according to the UN, in conditions of extreme poverty, in addition to presenting an Engel coefficient of 0.77. The per capita daily intake of the community was 2,263.66 Kcal/day, 47.76 Kcal/day (2.15%), above the 2,215.90 Kcal/day per capita regulated by the CBANR and presented a decrease in its cost of the order of 4.27 %. Cereals and beans contributed 72.46% of the kilocalories in the diet, and there are serious deficiencies in animal origin forming foods. Limitations: It is necessary to build new methodological theoretical frameworks, based on the actors themselves and their interaction with the new realities of the community, to understand their problems and generate comprehensive solutions in a participatory manner. Conclusions: There is self-sufficiency in maize and beans and a low consumption of food of animal origin, a factor that can contribute to a vulnerable state of health. Coupled with limited government involvement.

Objective: To establish the relationship between poverty and inequality with crime, in the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas at the municipal level. Methodology: A quantitative methodology was adopted, using data from Coneval, SNSP and INEGI, for which a correlation analysis was performed, first and then a multiple linear regression. Results: It was obtained that there is a relationship at the state level, and municipalities verified it. Total and extreme poverty and crime are inversely related (except for crimes against personal freedom). As extreme poverty decreases and moderate poverty increases, crime decreases. Limitations: The main limitations were the availability of crime data in municipalities of Oaxaca and not controlling the effect of geographic space in the model. Conclusions: It was concluded that the inequality variable is related in all cases to higher crime rates and has a greater capacity to predict crime than poverty.

Objective: the study aims to characterize the Producers' Markets (MP) in Mexico City and its main actors to determine the role they play as a marketing option for small producers. Methodology: a list of MPs was prepared through an Internet search and the study was limited to Mexico City, as it is the area with the highest number of MPs. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews with the organizers of seven markets; twenty semi-structured interviews with producers, selected by their purpose; and 46 consumer surveys. The information was analyzed from a characterization of the markets, producers, consumers, products and their interrelationships. Results: Each of the markets studied has characteristics that make them particular and unique. However, something they share is the use of participatory certification to ensure the quality of the products that reach consumers; In addition to seeking to offer a space for interaction between producers and consumers in Mexico City; and the limited promotion that each one does to get their own position. Limitations: Being a study carried out in Mexico City, it only applies to markets located in this area. Conclusions: The MPs can represent a viable marketing option. This is only if considerations are taken into account such as: encouraging the search for a greater number of alliances and community networks in the MPs, so that they can experience growth by increasing the number of producers, increase promotion, expand the offer, incorporate products considered strategic and exploring new delivery channels such as e-commerce.

Objective: To study the actions of SMEs based on the interrelation of their organizational elements with the management of corporate social responsibility. Methodology: A qualitative multi-case research design with a descriptive-explanatory scope was established, with data triangulation. Results: It was obtained that the CSROrganization relationship implies a set of processes and situational interactions between the basic constructs of CSR and the organizational elements, as well as considering the complexity of the organization and its environment. Limitations: Because to the effects of the pandemic, only 8 SMEs with the Socially Responsible Company badge were investigated. Conclusions: SMEs must expand their radius of action in the area of CSR at the different levels of the organization and interrelate them through a strategy that responds to the environment, for this, structures and leadership are essential. Future lines of research could deepen the interactions of SMEs with the economic, social and environmental environment, responding to the complexity of sustainable development.