Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a crop of economic importance distributed in 50 countries. It has great connotation in the international market and the chocolate industry. Its productivity in the field is limited by biotic and abiotic conditions; the same ones that affect the fertilization of the flower. For this reason, the objective of this documentary research work is to know the incidence of more efficient pollinating agents on the fertilization of the cocoa flower. The bibliographic review was based on collecting information from primary sources that expose results of studies on entomophilous pollination of cocoa crop flowers, giving greater importance to research carried out in Ecuador. Emphasis was placed on the biotic factors of the agro-system of cocoa cultivation, such as the tree species that favor the habitat of the different pollinating agents; among the abiotic factors are wind, water, temperature, humidity and soil. In the consulted literature, it was found that the most relevant benefits of the presence of pollinators in the cocoa crop are the increase in fertilized flowers and therefore the production of cobs. It is concluded that the interaction of the different populations of pollinating agents with biotic and abiotic factors within the crop ecosystem favors cocoa production. Therefore it is advisable to use good techniques in the management of the plantation to guarantee the presence of pollinators.

One way to control what happens on the planet is to know how to manage it. The objective of this analysis article was to determine the origin of the solid waste (RS) generated by the different activities carried out in 8 strategic points located throughout Calceta city. Techniques such as the interview and the survey were applied, as a contributor to the information collection. 169 people were selected. Of the population surveyed, 70% have general knowledge about the subject, 64% carry out the separation of waste, according to its organic and inorganic nature; in turn, it was also established that the greatest amount of RS comes from the organic fraction (57%). Finally, it was determined that 23% of individuals have received training on how to properly manage RS, which evidenced disinterest as one of the main causes of misinformation on the previously raised topic.

A study was carried out to identify the microbial diversity in wastewater from the tuna industry, the samples were obtained at different points in the tuna process, the analysis was carried out using molecular tools such as metagenomics, the Electrophoresis technique in Denaturation Gradient Gel (DGGE) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The sensitivity of these techniques allowed the amplification of 16S rDNA gene fragments by means of specific primers. This amplified PCR product was sent for sequencing, becoming a valuable alternative to provide information on the identity of the microbial population, characterizing the structure of an environment, obtaining 37 bacterial clones with 27.0% belonging to the Firmicutes group, 24.34% to Proteobacteria, 16, 21% to Actinobacteria.

This work deals with the development of a salty expanded snack ready for human consumption, made from corn grits and Lupine beans by extrusion process. The combination of cereal (corn grits) and legume (Lupine bean) gives the product an amino acid balance that increase its nutritive value. In the present work it could be demonstrated that the development of an expanded product was possible using mixtures of lupine bean/corn grits with values of 20-80% and 25-75% (d.b.), respectively. The best mixture (25% lupine bean and 75% corn grits) was accepted by the consumers

The rapid increase in the world's population has made efficient use of water an urgent necessity. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation and planting density on morphophysiological and productive indicators of the hybrid Py 4039 corn crop with drip irrigation. A bifactorial experiment was developed with a 4x3 arrangement with 12 treatments, four percentages of the raw sheet and three planting densities were evaluated. The calculation of the gross sheets was carried out by making the irrigation programming with the Cropwat 8.0 software. An experiment was developed in divided plots. In the main plots the effect of the percentages of the raw sheets was evaluated, which were 120%, 100%, 90% and 80% with respect to the total gross sheet, in the secondary plots the effect of the sowing density was evaluated determined by the distance between rows that was one meter and the distance between plants that was 0.15m (A); 0.20m (B); 0.25m (C), obtaining 66 666; 50,000 and 40,000 plants per ha. The morphophysiological variables measured were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and ear insertion height, and the productive variables: average grain weight and estimated yield. The efficient water use ratio was calculated, from the volume of water consumed, against the corn production obtained. The morphophysiological and productive variables were evaluated by means of a bifactorial analysis of variance, with the statistical program (STATGRAPHICS) Statistical Analysis System, applying the Tukey test, for the comparison of the mean, for a significance level of (P <0.05). The results obtained showed that with an irrigation sheet of 376.31 mm and a density of 66 666 plants, an average yield of 13.49 t can be achieved. ha-1, with a water use efficiency of 111.57 cubic meters per ton of corn produced.

The commercialization of coffee, this cultivation practice has had a slight growth, but with factors that have not been managed, through a government policy that injects projections and above all giving the coffee growers the tools to promote production and commercialization in a manner responsible, and at the same time fair in price, since its value represents for the great masses of coffee growers, under an integrated conception of the high perspective of the product and its large-scale positioning both at national and local level, within the needs and for the satisfaction of rural communities. The general objective of this research was to determine a diagnosis of the commercialization of coffee in the artisanal production and foreign trade center of the San Plácido de Portoviejo parish, a work that synthesizes the importance of generating large dimensions through a program with a focus visionary of strengthening the economy of its inhabitants in the referred sector. For the development of this research, a qualitative documentary approach was used under analytical and descriptive methods that served to cement the scope of this study related to the commercialization of coffee. The relevance of this study was characterized in knowing aspects in promoting the commercialization of coffee focused on a key direction such as generating competitiveness within the people dedicated to this activity in improvements through an organic culture in its production. Keywords: Diagnosis, coffee marketing, coffee growers, government policies, methodology

The low productivity of the agricultural sector and the low levels of technology adoption are among the main obstacles for Colombia to be more competitive. To change this, the national competitiveness and productivity policy was in force between 2008 and 2016, through the document Conpes3527. The objective of this work was to show the successes and failures of the first strategic axis of Conpes, through the identification of the advance of competitiveness in the horticultural subsector, using the bulb onion in Cundinamarca as a case study, through a three-step methodology: first, the concept of systemic competitiveness was used to identify the level of analysis at which the work was carried out; second, five categories of analysis were defined: identification of technological problems; research funding; research; agricultural technical assistance and special credit lines and third, an index was built based on a survey applied to specialists to identify the progress of competitiveness. It was found that the tools designed in Conpes failed to improve competitiveness levels, due to five reasons: 1. The demands are written in an ambiguous way; 2. The expected levels of investment are not reached; 3. There is no research coordination instrument for the horticultural subsector; 4. The transfer model through Epsagro generated disorder and a disconnection between supply and demand for technical solutions and 5. The line of credit was not implemented.

This work is based on a bibliographic review in which the postmortem changes of 5 species of Amazonian fish (Piaractus brachypomus, Arapaima gigas, Brycon amazonicus, Psudoplatystoma punctifer, Colossoma macropomun) and how these influence the quality of the The objective of this work has focused on those articles that present information on the physical, chemical and microbiological changes that occur in meat and some existing conservation methods, a total of 33 articles have been selected, of which 18 are in English, 5 in Portuguese and 10. The results obtained highlight the importance of the cold in the conservation of the species, as well as the management of modified atmospheres that regulate the degradation that is generated by the postmortem change, in conclusion, the slaughter , handling and preservation have a great effect on the quality of the product.