Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The creation of employment in Ecuador, after the first great depression of the 21st century, has been complicated due to the lack of public policies, and the participation of the state as part of the generation of employment, in a community without liquidity, with a strong GDP contraction, job cuts, with a total absence of public policies aimed at supporting the maintenance of employment, the increase in poverty levels, among others; they are signs of a weak economy torn between poverty and inequality. The purpose of this research work is to propose strategic alternatives for public policies and financial instruments that mitigate the destruction of employment, helping 70% of the Economically Active Population (EAP) that is unemployed. To achieve this goal, we perform an analysis of the behavior of the prevailing financial economic variables in the environment.

El trabajo analiza la percepción de consumidores riobambeños frente a marcas que utilizan memes como estrategia publicitaria, permitiendo identificar oportunidades de posicionamiento de las empresas para obtener un mayor reconocimiento en redes sociales e impacto en hábitos de compra a través de este formato de publicidad digital.  Los resultados servirán como aporte para que las empresas consideren en la toma de decisiones estratégicas de campañas publicitarias. La investigación es de tipo no experimental, transversal y descriptivo, enfoque cuali- cuantitativo. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante encuestas digitales, de una muestra estadística correspondiente a 384 personas de la ciudad de Riobamba. Los resultados muestran una percepción favorable de los consumidores riobambeños como respuesta a los memes, se determinó que constituye una herramienta publicitaria efectiva, en constante tendencia, con gran oportunidad de visualización, por su tono humorístico produce una mayor interacción y reconocimiento en  las redes sociales; sin embargo, existe escasa o nula aplicación de marcas en la ciudad que utilicen esta estrategia, se establece que no asegura un incremento notable en ventas, pero pueden llegar a influir en la intención de compra, ya que fortalece el reconocimiento, facilitando una mayor posibilidad de ser recordadas en futuras opciones de compra.

Living organisms as we know them are complex structures that fulfill functions such as foraging, development, and reproduction, all immersed in an ecosystem. Artificial life seeks to generate entities called virtual creatures that mimic the properties of living organisms and perform functions similar to those found in nature but with certain restrictions. The area of computer science provides us with the ability to calculate and reproduce specific properties of living organisms, and be able to simulate them in controlled environments, called virtual environments. In virtual environments, it is possible to accelerate the adaptability of these synthetic organisms to understand the characteristics of these phenomena and even use them for other purposes, such as research, development, design, simulation, recreation, etc. Whereas the functions performed by virtual creatures are not as complex as those of living organisms, but they have to do actions such as foraging (energy), reproduction, and evolution. These actions allow us to generate an entity to observe the possible behaviors of living beings in controlled environments. A virtual creature's morphological structure may not be known, but it enables the creature's functions or actions. So the virtual creature must have a head, a body, and limbs that allow it to evolve continuously to adapt to the environment in which it is immersed.This article shows an overview of the advances in the area of virtual creature morphology, from inception to actuality as well as the different approaches used to give the reader an idea of the modeling process for virtual creatures.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has started to penetrate into different areas and sectors. Nowadays, there are AI applications in our smartphones, streaming platforms and for customer service, which represents a fundamental strategic activity in organizations. This paper aims to analyze the state of the art of AI-based virtual assistants. The findings of this exploratory research identified that, although AI allows the development of different tools, such as a virtual assistant to simulate human conversations, existing architectures are not fully efficient. This situation is due to the fact that current chatbots do not exploit the full potential of AI techniques, as they basically only work on a menu-driven basis.

Purpose:To evaluate tree health in the Guadalajara Metropolitan areathrough WorldView-2 multispectral satellite images.   Methodology: The multiple maskingand the maximum likelihood classifier methods were used to analyze variation in the values of spectral bands and vegetation indexies. Healthclassification analysis was applied using three masks: main species,foliage type, andgeneral trees. Trees were classified according to health condition in the following categories: healthy, regular, poor, and declining. 800 trees were used as reference sites, which were evaluated in situ with the methodology of the US Forest Service.    Results:Ash trees and jacarandas are among the species that were identified with a healthy condition. The highest precision for health condition (33%) was obtainedthrough classification by type of foliage. It was estimated that only 24% of the trees evaluated in 13 854 ha have a healthy or regular condition.   Limitations: To consider the classification by pixels rather than whole individuals to increase accuracy.   Findings:The use of satellite images allowed for the evaluation of health condition  of urban trees in the city. The classification by type of foliage was the most effective but the high diversity of trees in the area must be considered.   

Purpose: We analyze the impact of uncertainty about the winner of the presidential elections in Mexico in the returns and volatility of the Mexican Stock Exchange Index (IPC)  Methodological design: Measures of electoral uncertainty were calculated based on the accumulated normal distribution of electoral preferences, using the results of surveys published by the National Electoral Institute (INE) prior to the presidential elections of 2006, 2012 and 2018 in Mexico and it was collected daily information of the IPC to measure the behavior of the stock market. For data analysis, we used a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model. Results: The analysis show that an increase in electoral uncertainty increases the volatility of the of the IPC return in a highly competitive election and that the advance in the electoral preferences of the left-wing candidate generates a decrease in the average performance of the index, while that the advancement of the right-wing candidate is related to an increase in performance. Research limitations: The study includes three electoral periods because the competition with real possibilities of victory between representatives of different political ideologies is recent in the country. Findings: The behavior of the stock market in Mexico is affected by the presidential electoral cycle, especially the degree of uncertainty about the winner and his political ideology, an important situation to consider when making economic decisions. 

Purpose: to determine to what extent there is consensus on the characteristics of the stages of development of electronic government and on the substantial differences between each of them, based on four categories: the representative technologies, the objectives pursued, the expected results/services and, the modes of interaction with users.Methodological design: a qualitative and systematized review of the scientific literature that addresses the stages of development of electronic government is carried out, to seek specific definitions of these stages, definitions that, when contrasted and analyzed, allowed determining the points of common agreement.Results: there is a broad consensus among the authors regarding the characteristics of electronic government 1.0 and 2.0, there is some consensus regarding the characteristics of electronic government 3.0, while there is not enough information to determine the consensus on electronic government 4.0.Research limitations: the analysis carried out focused on the precise definitions on the stages of development of electronic government contained in the scientific documents reviewed, it is necessary to make a deeper analysis of these documents to determine with greater rigor the consensus on the characteristics of these stages.Findings: the scientific study on the stages of development of electronic government is relatively recent and currently much of the work focuses on developing and analyzing the theoretical discussion, paying relatively less attention to the empirical evidence, therefore some of the stages of e-government development are considered prospectively.

Purpose: To explain the relationship between the value of Mexican Stock Exchange companies (BMV) measured through the capitalization value and economic value added (EVA) methods, at a sector level, from 2006 to 2017.Methodological design: The EVA and capitalization value methods were applied in the period from 2006 to 2017, taking the companies listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange as the sample; a Pearson relationship correlation was then measured between both indicators.Results: No relationship was found between the company’s value measured through capitalization value and EVA during the studied time span. Capitalization value tends to rise while EVA shows a light downward trend.Research limitations: The number of companies in each sector is small with some sectors comprised by one company only.Findings: Since capitalization value shows a rising tendency while EVA’s decreases, it is affirmed that sample companies did not create value but rather they did increase their capitalization value, which suggest a boost to commercial operations of companies’ shares with no link to value creation. 

El Índice de Confianza del Consumidor (ICC) muestra el nivel de optimismo que tienen los hogares respecto de las percepciones actuales y expectativas de consumo, situación económica del hogar y escenario económico del país; convirtiéndose en un indicador clave del estado general de la economía. Para el cálculo del ICC se utilizó la metodología establecida por el Banco Central del Ecuador (BCE), se aplicaron 382 encuestas en la zona urbana de la ciudad de Riobamba, con preguntas de carácter cualitativo. La importancia asignada a cada una de las respuestas se la categoriza en tres niveles: peor, igual o mejor, con ponderaciones de 0, 50 y 100 puntos respectivamente. De este modo, el valor total del ICC oscila entre 0 y 100 puntos donde valores inferiores a 50 y cercanos a 0 representan un escenario pesimista, mientras que un valor superior a 50 o cercano a 100 representa un escenario positivo.  Se obtuvo un ICC de 46,51 puntos lo que demuestra que aún no existe una confianza de los consumidores al momento de adquirir bienes o servicios esto se debe principalmente a que la economía del país ha sido golpeada fuertemente, la causa principal es la pandemia del virus SARS-COVID 19.

The objective of this research is to determine if the variation in the number of taxpayers during the COVID-19 pandemic had a correlation with tax collection in Peru during the years 2020 - 2021. The research design was non-experimental. correlational descriptive, for this statistical information was compiled from SUNAT and CEPALSTAT, considering the population of active taxpayers. The multiple linear regression model was applied, data processing was carried out using the Eviews application and Microsoft Excel digital tools. The results obtained showed that the variation in the number of taxpayers during the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant relationship with tax collection in Peru, in the years 2020 and 2021, concluding that there was an increase in registered taxpayers, while that, tax collection decreased especially in 2020, due to economic events and restrictions, as well as non-compliance and informality gaps.