Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Policies and strategies for the recognition of ethnic identities in Latin American countries are increasingly constant and massive. Among these are self-identification questions in population management instruments, for example, those that include variables such as ethnic identities and the categories used to name them. Within this context, the 2017 Peruvian census is recognized as one of the first and main massive tools used to quantitatively measure the number of individuals who identified with certain ethnic categories and analyze their specific living conditions. The question on ethnic self-identification, however, presented biases, confusion, and concerns. The case of Afro-descendant identities was surrounded by debates and controversies, which led to both personal and public reflections. In this essay, through a review of specialized bibliography, the question of ethnic self-identification in Peru is analyzed, taking into account the construction of Peru as “mestizo”, the context of reethnization in Latin America and the particular construction of Afro-Peruvian identities. Aspects such as social movements, the idea of miscegenation, the recognition of Afro-descendant ancestry and the racial influence on Afro identities finally shaped the responses of Afro-descendant populations that could be obtained. These last factors have meant that the results around the ethnic self-identification questions are not so easy to break down, due to the contradictions and ambiguities that exist behind the ethnic identities themselves.

The simultaneous appearance in 1989 of the term “Washington Consensus” and the adoption of ILO Convention 169 are not a historical curiosity, but rather a milestone in the ambiguity of the recognition of collective rights of indigenous people. Now, while the political economy of Peruvian development has been described as “heavily centralised and ethnically define exclusionary” (Orihuela, 2020, p. 146), can it be said that it only obeys the weight of history? What characterized the political economy of recognition during a markedly neoliberal period? The aim of this essay is to outline a proposal for analysis of the type of political economy that governed the recognition of indigenous people’s rights in Peru during the Fujimori decade (1990-2000). Although the historical determinants of the condition of exclusion of these people, the characteristics of the Peruvian neoliberal period and the underlying political economy have been studied, research focused on the relationship between these aspects at the end of the 20th century is scarce. The first section addresses the historical relationship between the people in question and the State; the second defines the concept of neoliberalism and its relationship with collective rights; the third section develops the analysis proposal. Finally, it is argued that the “recognition” of the right to land and territory under the Fujimori regime implied a lack of knowledge, constraint and violation of this and other collective rights of indigenous people.

This article studies the masculinity construction process of young male fans of k-pop in Lima. K-pop is a Korean music genre whose expansion has generated a massive cultural phenomenon. To understand this process, first we present the models and representations of masculinity that these men perceive in the artists and in Lima society to later establish how they relate to these models through the construction of their own masculinity. In this sense, the following was analysed: a) how they define and evaluate the masculinity of k-pop idols; b) how these young men understand the Lima masculinity model and how they relate to it; and c) what is the balance that they make of these representations and, based on this, how they think, build and live their own masculinity. In this qualitative and ethnographic study, the methodological criteria used for the selection of the interviewees were randomisation, as well as convenience and snowball sampling. Regarding the collection of information, in-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out.

The main objective of this article is to provide an overview of the so-called Peruvian regional cinema. A logic of the cinematographic field in Peru is defined and it seeks to locate there three regional filmmakers from the Andean south: Jacqueline Riveros (Huancayo), Jaime Huamán (Abancay) and Flaviano Quispe (Juliaca). Now, what do these struggles for legitimacy in the Peruvian cinematographic field consist of and how do they occur? This research** argues that one of the factors that determines the struggles for legitimacy in the cinematographic field is the sociocultural origin and the (adverse) conditions of regional filmmakers in the Peruvian cinematographic field. These are examined in relation to categories and concepts worked from the sociology of culture; in particular, by the authors Pierre Bourdieu and Néstor García Canclini, and from a qualitative methodological approach. The substantial findings revolve around the perspective with which the problem in question is approached. The scarce literature regarding Peruvian regional cinema has largely opted for descriptive communication approaches, or for the analysis of discourse and content of the representations in the films. In the case of this article, it is decided to focus on the actors themselves (the filmmakers) and identify their objectives, bets, positioning strategies and different tensions in the search for legitimacy in the referred field.

The objective was to systematize the information on anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in university students published in the PubMed database during the year 2020. 129 articles were analyzed whose variables were the following: number of authors, level of collaboration, country, journal of publication, associated topics, research approaches, sample size used, gender and age of the sample, language of publication and instruments used. The results found show that the number of average authors who sign a publication is 6; the countries that have published the most so far this year are China (26%) and the US (19%), in terms of factors related to anxiety and depression are stress, sleep-wake disorders, activity physical, loneliness and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), quantitative research approaches are the most used (97%), compared to qualitative and mixed (3%), the country that has worked with the largest samples is China with 746,217 people, the analyzed  articles present simples made up mostly of the female gender (86,8%), the most frequent average age is 20-21 years old (33.3%) all the articles are in English and the most used psychometric instrument has been the Generalized Anxiety Disorders Scale (GAD-7), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). It is recommended to expand the analysis taking into account the year 2021 and include other data bases.

The distance education modality, added to the demands of the university environment, can generate states of anxiety and uncertainty in students. Given this, an investigation was carried out whose objective was to describe the psychological well-being of first cycle university students. This is a descriptive case study, with a qualitative approach and phenomenological design. The research was carried out between March and August 2021 and was aimed at 20 students and 10 teachers from the Faculty of Health Sciences of a private university in Lima. For data collection, a focus group guide for teachers and a semi-structured interview guide for students were applied. Among the findings, the recognition of six central interrelated categories stands out: self-acceptance, purpose in life, autonomy, mastery of the environment, positive relationships, and personal growth. In general terms, the students' favorable state of psychological well-being was evidenced, related to a positive classroom climate, as well as a favorable self-perception. However, certain weaknesses were identified, such as the inability to take responsibility for their own actions, and the lack of short, medium, and long-term goals. In conclusion, the results have made it possible to describe the psychological well-being of the students who were part of the study sample, which has made it possible to identify the strengths and opportunities for improvement that should be considered for future studies, as well as the design of targeted proposals to improve the problem situation.

Nomophobia understood as fear of not being able to contact or make use of a smartphone, irrational fear of losing it, running out of batteries or being without an internet signal, which generates high rates of anxiety.  The consumer behaviors of this virtual society lead to the postponement of personal, academic and work objectives because more time is spent performing online activities, which turn out to be more attractive and less complex.   The main objective of this research has been to determine the factorial structure, validity and reliability of the Nomophobia Scale (NMPQ).  300 students participated in a State University of Metropolitan Lima. The confirmatory factor analysis corroborated a structure of four factors, showing adequate adjustment indicators composed of CFI= .997, TLI= 0.997 and RMSEA= 0.084. confirming a second-order model, plus a first-order model. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .964, reliability for each factor greater than .70 indicating high composite reliability (CF) and extracted mean variance (AVE) with scores greater than .50 indicating adequate convergence in all factors.  It is concluded that the NMPQ is a valid and reliable instrument to measure nomophobia.

The aim of this study was to provide psychometric evidence of the functioning of the De Jong Gierveld’s Loneliness Scale in university students from Argentina. An empirical instrumental research was conducted, in a sample of 307 university students, between 18 and 54 years old. The Spanish translation of the De Jong Gierveld’s Loneliness Scale and the Spanish translation for Argentina of the Patient's Health Questionnaire were administered. The results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis suggested that this instrument should be considered bidimensional, with an equitable distribution of elements in each factor representing social and emotional loneliness, respectively. The factor loadings of the items were very good, indicating that the indicators are properly related to their respective dimensions. The internal consistency was optimal. These results show that the scale is homogeneous and has a good connection between its elements. Scope and limitations of the instrument are discussed.

This study was aimed at linguistically adapting the short version of McClosky's Academic Procrastination Scale (APS-S) and obtaining evidence of validity, reliability, and equity in university students from Lima. A total of 4,534 students participated, 2,052 women (45.3%) and 2,482 men (54.7%). The confirmatory factorial analysis of the scale reached an adequate fit to the hypothesized measurement model (CFI = .994, TLI = .988, RMSEA = .038, SRMR = .014). In addition, validity is evidenced with other variables, through correlations with academic self-efficacy (r=-.319; p<0.001) and academic performance (r= - .146; p < .001). Reliability was estimated with the ordinal alpha (αord = .867), and ordinal omega (ωord= .849) coefficients. Factor invariance analysis showed that the measure is equivalent between men and women (∆CFI < .010, ∆RMSEA < .015). It is concluded that the APS-S linguistically adapted to Spanish has psychometric properties, constituting a correct measure to evaluate procrastination in university students from Lima.

The activism we don’t appreciate: Your Honor Kent, my mother is a feminist and votes even if she doesn’t know she’s oppressed Resumen: Broncano mantiene que ocupar una situación de opresión no garantiza la lucidez necesaria para identificar la propia situación como injusta. Esta posición nos advierte que nos vamos a encontrar con casos de personas oprimidas que no tienen conocimiento sobre su situación de injusticia ni una actitud crítica hacia la misma. Lo que me interesa analizar en este comentario es cómo afecta esto a la agencia política de esas personas. La conclusión que quiero evitar es la siguiente: Cuando no escuchamos a alguien que está oprimida pero que no conoce su situación de opresión, no la estamos traicionando como agente política, no la estamos silenciando como posible activista. En este comentario propongo un análisis de las quejas que nos permite escapar de esa conclusión. Las quejas de muchas mujeres han de entenderse como acción política, una acción política que no está necesariamente acompañada de conocimiento sobre la injusticia que sufren. Una vez entendemos sus quejas como activismo, ya no podemos excluir a estas mujeres como sujetos políticos en la lucha contra el sexismo. Este análisis de las quejas nos lleva a concluir que estas mujeres sí que pueden ser traicionadas como agentes políticas, aunque no tengan conocimiento de su situación de injusticia. Las traicionamos cuando no entendemos sus quejas como resistencia. Abstract: Broncano thinks that being oppressed does not guarantee knowing that you are oppressed. This view warns us that we are going to find people who are oppressed and who don’t have knowledge about their oppression nor a critical attitude towards their situation. What concerns me here is how this view affects the political agency of those people. The conclusion I want to avoid is as follows: When we don’t listen to someone who is oppressed but who doesn’t know their position as oppressed, we are not betraying them qua a political agent, we are not silencing them as a potential activist. I propose an analysis of complains that allows us to escape that conclusion. I propose that the complains expressed by many women should be understood as a political action, one that is not necessarily accompanied by knowledge of the injustice they are suffering. Once we see their complains as activism, we cannot exclude these women from the fight against sexism and deny their political agency. Under this analysis, women can be betrayed qua political agents even when they don’t have knowledge of their unjust situation. We betray them when we don’t understand their complains as resistance. Palabras clave: Conocimiento, agencia política, activismo, resistencia, quejas. Keywords: Knowledge, political agency, activism, resistance, complains.