Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

In the last two decades historians have paid attention to several and complex political phenomena developed during the so called “Hellenistic age”. The following paper attempts to review for the Spanish-reading public three recently published books on the Hellenistic kingdoms. It is discussed here their main lines of approaching to this phenomenon, placing at the same time these works in the context of the current historiography on the topic.

It is a review of: "Zanatta, Loris, El populismo, Katz Editores, Buenos Aires, 2014, 286 pp."

A partir del análisis de una obra musical-coreográfica en el festival de folclore de mayor jerarquía de Argentina, se revisan las recientes políticas culturales del Estado nacional y del gobierno provincial formoseño para reconfigurar los imaginarios de una identidad multicultural que incorpora lo indígena. Empero, se señala cómo esto involucra una perspectiva exotizante que estéticamente destaca la alteridad de ciertos rasgos indígenas, mientras que hibrida e invisibiliza otros, evidenciando las desigualdades y tensiones de ese ideal multicultural. Asimismo, se explora cómo esas tensiones buscan ser visibilizadas por la aparición de un renombrado líder indígena en el festival.

Se analiza la historiografía americana de Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, en concreto el Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias (1526) y la Historia general y natural de las Indias (1535), como ejemplos de la transición epistemológica del escolasticismo al humanismo y los inicios de la ciencia natural en la llamada modernidad temprana. Esta historiografía ilustra el nuevo predominio de la experiencia sensorial, la verificación de toda la información a través de testimonios de testigos confiables, siguiendo procedimientos judiciales, y la creación de modelos descriptivos y clasificatorios para incorporar el conocimiento naturalista americano a la historiografía de Occidente. 

Reseña del libro de Carlos Reynoso, Crítica de la antropología perspectivista (Viveiros de Castro – Philippe Descola – Bruno Latour), Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2014, 279 pp. 

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the amount of goat and cow milk over the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of ice cream flavored with vegetable fat. In Costa Rica in 2010, three inclusion percentages of milk (100% goat, 100% cow, and a mixture of both 50%: 50%) were evaluated, as well as the inclusion of different flavors (strawberry, strawberry with topping, and vanilla) on the overrun, texture, melting, color, and acceptance of ice cream with vegetable fat. No parameters depended on the type of milk (p>0.05), while overrun varied between batches (p<0.05). There was a flavor*milk interaction for melting rate, texture, and pH attributable to the addition of topping. There was a significant effect on the colorimetric measurement based on the variables of the CIE system L*, a* and C*, on flavor (p<0.05), and an interaction type of milk*flavor for parameters b* and °h (tint or hue) was attributed to topping and colorants. Both vegetable fat and topping increased the content of total solids in the mixture; it was associated to a lower rate of aeration, a low melting time, and a more consistency. A cluster analysis for sensory liking, distinguished between three groups: group 1 (15.25%), which liked all products, group 2 (62.71%) that moderately liked them all, and group 3 (22.03%) who neither show like nor dislike. Groups 2 and 3 showed greater liking for products with topping. The results of the sensory panel as well as the physicochemical and instrumental characterizations show that the type of milk used to make ice cream is not a determining factor, so it is feasible to produce goat milk ice cream and obtain a quality product with good acceptance.

The aim of this study was to analyze feeding practices in Costa Rica’s dairy farms and their influence on greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and income over feed cost (IOFC) were evaluated. This study was carried out at 104 dairy farms, which were distributed within a range of altitude from 1000 to 2400 meters above sea level. Using cluster analysis based on type of feed, grazing period, areas of forage and pastures; four feeding strategies were identified, which included different proportions of feed categories in daily rations. Emissions expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent per kilo of fat and protein corrected milk (CO2eq/FPCM) were higher for forage feeding strategies and lower for farms found in higher altitudes. Concentrate feed accounted for the higher cost in all feeding strategies, and represented more than 50% in the intensive concentrate based production system, whereas the costs of fertilizers were higher in pasture based feeding strategies. Income from milk sales was higher for the concentrate based feeding strategy. However, IOFC was the same for all feeding strategies in spite of the large differences in daily milk production. Feeding strategies influenced GHG emissions and feeding costs. Feeding strategies associated with lower GHG emissions within the farm were more dependent from external inputs.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the characteristics of kikuyu grass silage with high humidity and the bromatologic quality when adding three different additives. These were added at three levels: molasses: 0, 2, and 4%, ground corn and citrus pulp: 5, 7 and 9% on a dry basis on the whole forage, fresh chopped and compacted in plastic bags. The experiment was conducted in 2010 at the El Pizote dairy farm, located in San Ramón, Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica. The experimental period lasted 77 days. Averages of 14.10%, 13.75%, 13.71% DM, 8.20%, 7.38%, 7.36% CP, 77.48%, 79.51%, 79.07% NDF, 39.22%, 40.12%, 39.68 % of FAD, 38.26%, 39.39%, 39.39% hemicellulose, 32.79%, 33.47%, 33.26% cellulose, 6.43%, 6.66%, 6.42% lignin, 2.23%, 1.89%, 2.04% EE and 11.53%, 11,74% , 11, 65% of total ash for silage with molasses, ground corn and citrus pulp respectively were obtained. Differences (p<0.05) were found in the amount of effluent according to the additive and the addition level. High humidity of kikuyu grass can cause that the effluents produce since the beginning until obtaining the maximum accumulation inside the bag, after 60 to 80 días of silage. That is why the bag has to be checked periodically and, if possible, drain the liquid effluents generated to avoid the process of deterioration.

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional characteristics of silage mixtures of pineapple crown including dehydrated citrus pulp and hay, with increasing levels of urea. The experiment was conducted between May to September 2013 and the crowns were from Guapiles, Costa Rica. These were chopped to obtain an average particle size of 3 cm, and packaged in vacuum- sealed bags to which were added: urea (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5% w/w fresh basis), 2 high sources of dry matter: hay (H) of Transvala grass (Digitaria decumbens Stent, cv Transvala) and dehydrated citrus pulp (DCP), both at a level of inclusion (10% w/w fresh basis), and a single level of molasses (3% w/w) and bacterial inoculum by molasses fermentation with whey (1 l/t). Also a sample without additives was prepared as a control. Hay increased dry matter content and all fiber components, but reduced crude protein content, non fibrous carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients.. When PCD was used, the fiber level was reduced which increased digestibility of ensiled mixture. The use of urea increased the CP content and reduced nitrogen linked to fiber by a dilution effect. It was estimated that, silage materials allow to obtain from 0.43 to 1.89 kg of milk/cow, whenconsuming 5 kg fresh matter (FM)/animal; 0.86 to 3.77 kg milk/cow when consuming 10 kg FM/animal; 1.29 to 5.66 kg milk/cow when consuming 15 kg FM/animal.

The objective of this work was to characterize the injuries caused by the acute hepatopancreatic necrosis; the necrotizing hepatopancreatitis, and septic hepatopancreatic necrosis in shrimp farming. The information collected from many literature sources associated with the observations made in tissue samples from infected shrimp was analyzed. Histopathology was used to process the affected tissues, analyzing tropism of injuries, the special and differential characteristics between these diseases. Among the main differences mentioned: the acute hepatopancreatic necrosis injuries move forward from the proximal areas of the tubules of the hepatopancreas to the distal regions and acute cell causing massive and intensive sloughing. In peels necrotising hepatopancreatitis tubular necrotic cells present with basophilic cytoplasm and granular appearance leading to granulom formation atrophy in the terminal phase; and finally the septic hepatopancreatic necrosis injury presents a randomly advance of injuries with pyknotic epithelial cell detachment, forming hemocytic and immediate inflammatory response. Distinguish between these diseases provides the possibility that, by histopathological analysis can make a differential diagnosis between them.