Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

El fenómeno Nini constituye un problema socio económico que incide en los niveles de desempleo y desigualdad en el Ecuador. La Educación Técnica y Tecnológica se presenta como alternativa para disminuir la brecha del crecimiento exponencial de este grupo. Esta investigación consideró como caso de estudio el “Programa de Becas de Excelencia Académica de la M. I. Municipalidad de Guayaquil y el Instituto Superior Tecnológico Argos” caracterizado por registrar más del sesenta por ciento de los estudiantes que en su estado de postulación al programa pertenecieron a la categoría de Nini, es decir, no conseguía mantenerse o ingresar en el sistema educativo; ni tampoco opciones laborales mínimas, a parte de las actividades ocasionales e informales. Enfocar esfuerzos mancomunados entre las Instituciones de Educación Superior y las organizaciones públicas y privadas para la creación de una política pública que contribuya a que este fenómeno pueda disminuir su impacto en la sociedad. 

La cultura organizacional es muy estudiada y conocida por diferentes significados compartidos a lo largo del tiempo, exponiendo las diferentes maneras de trabajo en las empresas y las conductas que los empleados adoptan al encontrarse en diferentes situaciones. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo acercar al lector a la comprensión del estudio cultural que se realizó en una empresa forestal en el municipio de Tenosique Tabasco, México, dedicada al cultivo y aprovechamiento de árboles maderable, donde se generó el diagnóstico de su cultura organizacional a través del enfoque de sistemas y la teoría de la gestión de la diversidad, analizando la importancia de la cultura organizacional en la productividad y la competitividad de la empresa. La investigación estudia las interacciones sociales de los empleados, el intercambio de valores entre los grupos de trabajos al interior de la empresa llamadas cuadrillas de trabajo, así como, entre supervisores, misma que puede ser compartida a sus clientes y sociedad en general. Los hallazgos describen elementos culturales que aún tienen ausencia en la organización y otros existen sin ser aplicados, esto conlleva a no compartirlos entre ellos mismo y la organización. Lo anterior genera la posibilidad de implementar un programa de la gestión de la diversidad que permita el mejoramiento de la cultura organizacional de la empresa, la correcta integración y desempeño de los trabajadores, el compromiso en sus actividades, el éxito y competitividad.

Esta investigación utilizó el modelo de gravedad para explicar el comportamiento de las exportaciones de banano ecuatoriano a los principales doce países destinos entre el año 2000 y 2019. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las variables que influyeron en estos flujos comerciales, estimando dos modelos de datos de panel mediante el uso de efectos aleatorios. Ambos modelos, el PIB sectorial y el PIB de los países importadores se tomaron en cuenta como variables comunes, y cada modelo fue diferenciado según la variable que representa la resistencia al comercio. El primer caso fue la distancia medida en kilómetros y el segundo caso fue un índice de costos comerciales de productos agrícolas. Se concluyó que el segundo modelo era más adecuado tanto para el marco teórico como para los flujos comerciales en estudio. Los resultados han demostrado que los costos del comercio de bienes agrícolas tuvieron un efecto negativo mayor en las exportaciones de banano ecuatoriano que la distancia geográfica.

Objective: this article sought to analyze the institutional posture of the Federal Audit Court from the understanding of its powers and how it has expanded its political-administrative role through not only the activities of control and supervision of public policies approved and implemented, but especially through the financial control of the effectiveness of the law and, therefore, of the Legislature itself.Method: the theoretical research of the legal-dogmatic type was developed from the study of the paradigmatic judgment of 1907/2019, issued by the Federal Court of Auditors, as well as the examination of constitutional and infra-constitutional normativity focused on public finances, dialoguing with works doctrinaires that exemplify the state of the art applicable to the subject and object in the scope of financial and constitutional law.Result: it was considered, in the end, that the Legislative Power, through budget legislation, self-limited by its institutional choices in public finance, is originally responsible for controlling the financial condition of the effectiveness of the law, without prejudice to the autonomous body After all, taking into account the legislative self-limitation reinforced in recent years by the constitutional textuality, check the effectiveness of legislative acts that mobilize public resources as an adequate mechanism, including the reinforcement of the dialogic preservation of the autonomy and harmony of the Powers.Contribution: the main contribution of this study consists in pointing out the insufficiency of the analytical tools offered by contemporary legal-financial dogmatics - and its historical legacy - to promote the reflective deepening of the theme opened by Judgment No. 1907/2019, in order to indicate, in the form of three integrated programmatic theses, directions that the doctrine must accept with constructive institutional imagination, since the epistemic field of financial law does not systematically contemplate the aforementioned political-administrative protagonism of the Court of Auditors of the Union.

Objective: This paper is dedicated to the survey and analysis of the regulations of public consultations in Brazil and other Latin countries, formulating proposals to enable the democratic effectiveness of the institute in the administrative processes of creation of normative acts, encouraged by Law no. 13,655 (BRASIL, 2018), which amended the LINDB.Methodology: The empirical research employs documentary analysis of the legislation of Latin American countries with a socioeconomic reality close to that of Brazil to collect elements that enable the formulation of proposals for the effective application of the institute in Brazil. For this, eleven Latin countries were selected, whose legislations were consulted electronically by accessing the federal government sites, verifying the norms pointed out by the entities as regulating the public consultations. The theoretical framework was based on Jürgen Habermas's theory of proceduralist deliberative democracy, Hannah Arendt's concept of politics, and the constitutionalization of Administrative Law.Results: It was verified that there is an unsatisfactory regulation of the institute of public consultations in Brazil and in most of the researched countries, besides deducing that, thus, the institute has been used in a way to integrate only the legitimation rhetoric of the Public Administration, without properly fulfilling its democratic purpose.Contributions: The article contributes to the improvement of the regulation of public consultations in Brazil so that it actually meets its democratic assumptions and legitimizes normative administrative acts. Thus, based on the theoretical framework and the data collected, elements are proposed that should be observed when regulating and applying the institute.

Contexto: O presente artigo analisa a primeira condenação de spoofing no Brasil pela CVM no Processo Administrativo Sancionador nº 19957.005977/2016-18. O spoofing é uma forma de manipulação do preço de valores mobiliários no Mercado de Capitais, caracterizada pela inserção de ordens artificiais de compra e venda, que são canceladas após milésimos de segundos e alteram o preço de negociação. Entretanto, a dificuldade de caracterização da conduta e as especificidades das negociações em alta frequência apontam para o risco de não se obter uma imposição (enforcement) adequada pela CVM.Objetivo e Metodologia: Nesse contexto, a partir do método dedutivo e de revisão bibliográfica, avalia-se a estrutura do mercado de capitais brasileiro a partir da disseminação das negociações de alta frequência sob a perspectiva da literatura econômica que trata da Microestrutura de Mercado. Assim, será possível fazer uma análise inicial da atuação da CVM na dissuasão do spoofing. A literatura de Law and Economics será utilizada para determinar se o padrão de punição pela CVM, no caso, é capaz de gerar a dissuasão da conduta e, de forma geral, ganhos efetivos para o mercado de capitais brasileiro.Conclusão: Observa-se a necessidade de desenvolvimento da matéria no Brasil para proporcionar o devido poder de dissuasão.

Objective: This research aimed to investigate, in the light of theories of democracy, the new possibilities for exercising citizenship and strengthening democracy in the Network Society, as well as popular participation in political decisions in the context of smart cities.Methodology: The work adopted the inductive method, based on a literature review and observation of the phenomena.Results: It was possible to conclude that executing smart city projects does not only mean adhering to information and communication technologies, but also facilitating the connection and involvement of government and citizens, with the intention of co-creating and rebuilding urban communities.Contributions: Focusing on citizens and not simply on technologies, it is possible that ICTs and new technologies, including the IoT, improve the exercise of citizenship in current societies and, in particular, in smart cities.

Objective:The author seeks to understand the content and legal guarantees of the right to sustainable, healthy and favorable environment in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The researcher seeks to list the case law of the ECtHR corresponding to environmental issues in order to define concrete aspects related to responsibility of the States for the climate change and global warming. The author analyzes new legal trends on the protection of the rights of individuals and groups to complain for violations of their rights to a healthy and favorable environment in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights. The article is focused on positive state obligations on a healthy and sustainable environment under the Convention provisions, Russian experience in eco-cases, admissibility criteria for complaints to the European Court of Human Rights in “environmental cases”. The writer gives an overview of the ECtHR’s legal positions on the right to a healthy and favorable (i.e. prosperous, clean, safe, quiet, calm, quality) environment by type of its pollution. The author considers the importance of facilitating the right to healthy environment according to the UN Sustainable Development Goals.Methodology: The research uses general scientific and special cognitive techniques wherein legal analysis and synthesis, systemic, formal-legal, comparative-legal, historical-legal and dialectical methods are applied. The author applied a case study method to select the most recent and pilot cases of the ECtHR practice.Results: The author founds out that despite the fact of a non-exhaustive list of the legal positions of the ECtHR concerning the environment effect on human life and health, there is a certain trend in Council of Europe towards an extended interpretation of the human right to healthy ecological situation responding to new challenges to the realization that right, such as, the decarbonization of industrial processes, right to light, right to fresh air, clean water and clean atmosphere, etc. The study concludes with an idea that right to sustainable, healthy and favorable right is a collective right. From the practical perspective, potentially group of individuals should complain to the international judicial institutions to the violation of this right. The importance of the protection of that right is increasing within the technological progress. The right to healthy environment imposes to the European States a legal obligation to ensure right to life, prohibition of torture, right to privacy, right to a fair trial, right to an effective remedy and prohibition of discrimination. The researcher also point out that cases of environmental rights violations are complicated in terms of preparing a complaint and processing by the ECtHR. Due to this fact, it is hard to do so with regard to the causal link between the acts (omission) of state agencies, the violation of environmental rights and the consequences that occurred. It is not clear from the text of the Convention which article directly should be applied.Contributions: Following a review of the content, the author raised possible problems, strategies, suggestions and guidelines for the protection of the right to sustainable and healthy environment. The author concluded that near future new categories of legal cases related to the state responsibility for global warming and climate change will appear in international and national judicial system. The author encourages the complement to the international legal regulation of the protection of the right to healthy, sustainable and favorable ecology on universal and regional level.

Objective of the study: The objective of the study is to present guidelines that allow both the elaboration and the evaluation of articles of a technical or technological nature for the Law areaMethodological Approach: This study, of a qualitative and prescriptive nature, is based upon secondary and documentary data and information.Relevance: Despite the applied character of theories in Law, doctrines with accentuated subjective hermeneutic nature, have traditionally induced the daily practice in justice. Practice thus tends to follow doctrines with greater acceptance. New approaches, however, have been constrained because of low familiarity of practitioners with conflict settlement structures more suited to legal field. Only very recently, with the advent of Professional Graduate Studies, publications of technical nature, which reflect methods and techniques more in line with the nature of interventions in the Law field, have increased significance in the Law literature.  It thus needs guidelines to help increase acceptance by academia and practitioners in the Law field.Main results: indicate an increase in technical publications for researchers and Law practitioners. In addition, there is a growing importance of this type of intellectual production in the CAPES evaluation system. The contextual analysis of technical production also indicates a growing interest among Law practitioners. Thus, considering the conceptual confusion that still prevails between scientific articles and technical articles, guidelines are suggested to drive the elaboration of technical articles in the area of Law.Theoretical/methodological contributions: The proposal of a structural design for the elaboration of technical or technological articles.Conclusion: Although the Law areas use technical publication, there are no guidelines, from the CAPES technical area of Law, to write technical or technological articles. Thus, it is imperative to organize guidelines to support researchers and Law practitioners to prepare technical pieces exploring practices and interventions in day-to-day activities. In this way, we believe to contribute to the consolidation of basic standards to support the writing of technical literature in the Law field.

Objective: The objective of this article is to review the principle of tax typicity in light of an adequate conception of concepts and types, analyzing its content and delimiting its extension.Methodology: The research has a basic or pure nature, the approach is qualitative and adopts the bibliographic procedure, starting from the distinction between concepts and types.Results: The tax typicity constitutes the material dimension of the constitutional principle of legality and is embodied in the command addressed to the legislator to describe all elements of the tax and its legal consequences. The concepts of private law incorporated by the tax legislation can be reformulated by the Tax Law, as long as through statutes. However, the concepts used by the Constitution to delimit tax competences cannot be altered by the infra-constitutional legislator, due to constitutional supremacy. The economic interpretation of the taxable event, as well as other doctrines that intend to justify taxation directly on the principles of ability to pay, equality and social solidarity, is not supported by our legal system.Contributions: The principle of tax typicality is positive in the national legal system, and should be understood not as a requirement for the selection of absolutely precise concepts for the definition of incidence hypotheses, but as a command to use, to the greatest extent possible, concepts that allow the predictability and determinability of taxes.