Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Background: In postmodernity it is fundamental to question whether the improvement of the body, with the science and technology (through biotechnology, nanotechnology) would be a human and personality right, especially if the body with technological applications, the proteic body and the cyborg could receive the protection of the personality rights, based on dignity, a concept that is reasoned on human ideals.Objective: This article aims to analyze thecniques as the biohacking and the cyborguism as a possibility for human improvement in the light of personality rights, especially the human dignity.Method: The research used the hypothetical-deductive method, based on research and bibliographic review of books, articles from periods, legislation and doctrine applicable to the subject of the article.Results: As a result, it was found that the improvement of the body with the help of technology is a human and personality right, especially in the face of chronic diseases and conditions that cause pain and suffering and that can be avoided with applications based on the post-human body, in the protean body and in cyborgism, concepts that also deserve protection by the personality rights. However, it is essential that this discussion is permeated by bioethical and legal implications involving eugenic practices and discrimination and domination, considering the possibility of reification of the human being, of the serviceability of the body and mind in front of the machine.

Objective: The consecration of the environment as a protected legal right worthy of protection, both by national and international legal systems, has brought as a consequence the need to specify terminologically the concept of environment. In this sense, as a consequence of its novelty, the implementation of the concept has been the object of multiple opposing positions on its definition, which, on occasions, has meant a real burden that has led to a lack of protection of this right. Fortunately, the anthropocentric vision has been disappearing in function of the ecocentric position that emphasizes the protection of the environment at the same time that it is independent of its link with other rights such as human life or patrimony, as proclaimed in our fundamental text (the Spanish Constitution of 1978). Finally, it is proposed, after an in-depth study of the constitutional precept, the typification of ecocide as a new crime in the international framework that guarantees the conservation and preservation of the environment with the aim of promoting sustainable development that guarantees both progress and the conservation of our planet.Methodology: On the one hand, we have used a historical-logical method that allows us to focus on the object of study in an evolutionary process that makes it possible to understand its historical behavior and explains its current physiognomy. At the same time, we use the method of analysis-synthesis that makes it possible to break down the object under study into its elements and then recompose it from the integration of these elements.Results: The results obtained in this research have been decisive in delimiting the concept of environment from the legal point of view, which is obviously the first step to take in order to configure a normative body that defends it. At the same time, it has been proposed that ecocide should be considered an international crime, which would help to preserve the ecosystem and promote sustainable development.

El objetivo: Buscamos comprender la definición de recursos genéticos marinos y recursos biológicos marinos, ubicándola en el contexto histórico de las narrativas del derecho internacional del mar. Buscamos analizar el contenido del patrimonio común de la humanidad hacia los RGM. Buscamos analizar el marco legal internacional de extracción y uso de RGM asegurando un fácil acceso a ellos de acuerdo con el concepto de patrimonio común de la humanidad. Buscamos investigar la regulación legal internacional de la biopiratería en la investigación legal. Los autores consideran la importancia de la necesidad de satisfacer la falta de una definición universal de biopiratería en relación con los RGM en el Derecho Internacional del Mar.La metodología: La investigación utiliza técnicas científicas generales y cognitivas especiales en las que se aplican métodos de análisis y síntesis jurídica, sistémico, formal-legal, comparado-legal, histórico-legal y dialéctico.Los resultados: Descubrimos que, por primera vez en la historia, la protección legal del patrimonio inmaterial de RGM perteneciente a los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales será fijada universalmente por la ley marítima. La ley también establecerá un mecanismo especial para controlar el acceso de las partes interesadas a este conocimiento. El conocimiento tradicional de los pueblos indígenas entra dentro de la definición de patrimonio cultural inmaterial. Este hecho plantea la cuestión de una superposición entre el futuro Acuerdo y la Convención para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial. Aunque el ámbito que va a ser regulado por el futuro Acuerdo es muy específico, muchas de sus disposiciones se basan en los instrumentos legales internacionales previamente adoptados como la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar, la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica y los Criterios de la COI. y Directrices sobre transferencia de tecnología marina. Además, el alcance del Acuerdo podría superponerse con el alcance de otros instrumentos internacionales, que no tienen nada que ver con el derecho marino, la ecología marina y la biodiversidad marina, p. Ej. la Convención para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial. Todos los aspectos antes mencionados deberían impulsar nuevos estudios del marco legal de los recursos genéticos y biológicos marinos. Los autores llegaron a la conclusión de extender el concepto de patrimonio común de la humanidad a los recursos genéticos marinos y descubrimos el hecho de que la falta de regulación legal internacional de la extracción y uso de los recursos genéticos marinos asegurando el acceso facilitado a ellos de acuerdo con con el concepto de patrimonio común de la humanidad, lo que puede conducir a un aumento de la comisión de actos de biopiratería.Los contribuciones: Tras una revisión del contenido, planteamos posibles problemas, estrategias, sugerencias y lineamientos para los recursos genéticos marinos y la biopiratería.Los autores concluyen que la implicación del principio del patrimonio común de la humanidad en los RGM puede generar aún más conflictos de derecho porque Es imposible trasladar este principio a alta mar. Además, el acceso simplificado a los RGM junto con la falta de protección de los derechos intelectuales de los RGM y la información genética puede resultar en la sobreexplotación de los recursos marinos y oceánicos, así como en la propagación de la biopiratería. También señalamos que es necesario encontrar un equilibrio entre las libertades de alta mar, la salvaguardia de los RGM y la protección de los derechos de propiedad intelectual sobre la información genética o las biotecnologías marinas. Las investigaciones consideraron la distinción entre los conceptos de recursos genéticos marinos y biológicos marinos y revelaron los problemas de la regulación legal internacional del uso de los recursos genéticos marinos. Los autores concluyen que la generalización del marco legal internacional para regular el uso de los recursos genéticos marinos necesita mejoras legales. Los autores fomentan el complemento a la normativa legal internacional de la definición universal de recursos genéticos marinos y biopiratería.

Objective: This article studies how the protection of socioeconomic and cultural rights (ESC rights) by national courts, in the Global South, can work from a counter-intuitive logic and foster social inequalities. In Brazil, it was observed the problem of individuals with more privileged economic and financial situation and aware of their citizenship are more benefited by the justiciability of ESC rights, to the detriment of socially vulnerable groups.Methodology: The research analyzes the problem of the ineffectiveness of these rights using the deductive method and bibliographic and documental research, investigating how the structural injunctions can be a strategy of political mobilization to trigger social transformations. Thus, the objective is to advance the debate on the roles that organized civil society, as well as the Constituted Powers, can play in an attempt to overcome systemic failures that involve massive and repeated violations of fundamental rights. In this context, it is discussed how social changes can occur, “from the bottom up” or “from the top down”. For this purpose, David Landau's ESC rights protection models were evaluated, as well as the effects of structural sentences and the impacts of affirmative and transformative measures.Results: In the end, it was concluded that the judicialization of structural demands involving the need for adjustment, design or implementation of a public policy, can work as an alternative means to the protection that has been offered to ESC rights by the courts, provided that judges use dialogical procedural tools , rather than prolate self-referenced atomized decisions. Thus, the struggle for social changes must occur, necessarily, through the coordination of efforts between judges, majority bodies and organized civil society.Contribuitions: It introduces structural processes as an alternative form to the atomized protection of social, economic and cultural rights, as well as pointing out the importance of dialogue and cooperation so that effective social changes can take place.

Objective: This article aims to analyze the risks of the culture of cancellation in the virtual environment to the right to freedom and personality rights, to identify how algorithms are used to predict users and the creation of virtual social bubbles with a discriminatory bias cancellation contributes.Methodology: It uses the hypothetical-deductive method, and starts from the hypothesis that virtual bubbles and echo chambers strengthen and expand cancellation discourses and that these discourses violate personality rights and human dignity, therefore, they cannot be considered as manifestations of citizenship and freedom of expression. As a research technique, it uses literature review in articles, books, physical and electronic, in national databases, and secondary sources such as documental analysis in newspapers and news.Results: Cancel culture is a practice that manifests itself in intolerance to opposing views, which is amplified by virtual social bubbles and echo chambers, and which affects life online and offline. The cancellation speech poses risks to personality rights and human dignity, and breaks with the notion of freedom. Public education policies for digital citizenship must be created, which encourage plurality and freedom of expression, without violating fundamental rights.Contributions: The contribution that is expected from the research is the relationship between the culture of cancellation in the face of virtual social bubbles, disinformation and algorithmic prediction and the risks that these phenomena pose to freedom and personality rights.

Background: The Investment-based Crowdfunding development since its regulation by ICVM no. 588 in 2017.Objective: Assess the hypothesis that the regulation brought by CVM Instruction No. 588 of 2017 is fulfilling the objectives that led to its institution, that is, democratizing and expanding access to the securities market for new ventures of recognized potential.Method: Bibliographic review and an analysis of quantitative and qualitative data regarding Investment-based Crowdfunding platforms, the volume of funds raised, investors, invested companies and invested areas between 2014 and 2020.Results: It was noticeable an increase on the Investment-based Crowdfunding numbers from 2017 and on its potential to finance business ventures. It has also been possible to note that investments are usually concentrated among male investors, under the age of 40 years old, with higher education degrees and high average income, located in the south and southeast regions and interested in investing in particular domains such as financial, real estate and technology.Conclusions: The mapped results seem to indicate that there is still room for improvement in terms of regulation in order to promote the expansion of the use the Investment-based Crowdfunding, since the collected data framed limited investment diversification landscape in three aspects: country regions where securities are offered via Investment-based Crowdfunding, the investors’ profile and the scope of activities subject to investment. Based on the recent Public Consultation SDM CVM 02/2020, it has not been possible to identify rules, mechanisms or regulatory standards that could possibly address the verified concentrated investment landscape in Brazil.

Objective: The Cultural Constitution establishes cultural rights at a normative level, with the constitutional affirmation of values, principles and norms that guide the actions of citizenship in a Rule of Law. Legal norms require that they complement and guarantee cultural rights through the rule of law in legal systems, as a source of identity in human development. The main objective of the paper is to demonstrate, based on the characterization of the Cultural Constitutional Decrees, the relevance of legal training in the course of sociocultural management for the development and sharing of contents under the name of Cultural Decree, in view of the requirements of the plan teaching and course in the formation of values concomitant to national identity, based on the actions of the Ministry of Higher Education of Cuba, with the updating of the constitutional text in 2019.Methodology: The research was based on bibliographic analysis and allowed us to know that it is necessary to develop legal norms that complement and provide adequate guarantees to cultural rights through the Rule of Law, as a source of identity in human development.Results: The need to teach content was demonstrated through the creation of the optional subject of Cultural Law, meeting the requirements of the teaching plan and the sociocultural management course, concomitant with the national identity of the modality of professional practice established by the Ministry of Higher Education of Republic of Cuba.Contributions: The course on sociocultural management for development will contemplate, with the Cultural Law discipline, the formation of axioms in students, as well as will value culture and national identity, based on its way of acting as cultural and social manager (incident in human being). Furthermore, it will foster cultural development through training, advisory, mediation, research and facilitation actions in the scenarios in which it will interact.

Objective: The article addresses the language of subjective rights, having as reference the meaning of the word “rights” acquire when used in the sense of individual freedom. The question that we want to ask throughout the text is as follows: what are the meanings of the expression “rights” can acquire when used, linguistically, as an individual freedom both in ordinary language of common sense and in the perspective of specialists (legislators, magistrates, etc.) of a legal system?Methodology: To answer the proposed inquiry, it can be pointed out, based on the empirical analytical method, which describe the operating code of legal language, that the uses of the word “rights”, while individual freedoms, it which concern, basically, licke privileges, powers and immunities. Rights are linguistic terms that enhance the legal relationship and help human beings to be placed, from a certain context, in the position of holder and recipient of the right.Results: The article intends to highlight the molecular structure of the legal language according to which rights are intertwined in conglomerates of elementary rights estitched for by each other. They are basic rights, which, if funded, form increasingly complex rights and perform different functions between the pairs of a legal relationship, forcing them mutually.Contributions: The conclusion that intends to extract the final text is to highlight what comprises rights are, in fact, clusters of elementary rights that form a mosaic of rights - also called a cluster of rights. It is only an overlapping of these rights that brings legal permission and enables the formation of new rights.

Objective: The present work, without pretensions of exhaustion of the theme, has the general scope to study the theoretical proposal established by the social constitutionalism developed by GuntherTeubner, focusing on the idea of constitutionalism beyond the State and on the functions of fundamental rights in this innovative bias, especially , in transnational horizontal relations. As a specific objective, this article initially analyzes the feasibility of such a constitutional theory in late modern countries, especially with regard to the application of the "quality tests" proposed by social constitutionalism, so that the norms of transnational regimes acquire the constitutional status. In this step, the article points its magnifying glass with emphasis on the indispensability of a dynamic balance in the relations between the internal spheres of the social subsystems (spontaneous and organizational) and the difficulties of this happening in countries of the Global South, which leads to an impossibility of constitutionalization of the self-regulations produced exclusively by the social sectoral regimes in such places. In the end, it is observed whether, in peripheral countries, a minimum state regulation on the self-regulation(mentation) produced by the social subsystems is essential, through which the participation of fundamental rights as tools of balance the internal spheres of the social subsystems (spontaneous and organizational).Methodology: The research has a basic or pure nature, adopts the qualitative-deductive method and uses the bibliographic procedure, with the scope of confirming the hypothesis raised in solving the problem raised. In this sense, the following will be observed: a) the effects of globalization and the systemic hypercomplexity of world society on the traditional idea of liberal-modern constitutionalism and Gunther Teubner's theory of social constitutionalism; b) in this scenario, the paradigm shift in the functions of fundamental rights, which abandon the historical individual-subjectivist bias in favor of an institutional-trans-subjective-collective perspective; c) the consequences that this brings to the effectiveness of fundamental rights on private relationships, especially those at a transnational level; and, finally, d) the impact of the imbalance in the relations between the internal spheres of the social subsystems (spontaneous and organizational) in peripheral countries and the repercussions on the possibility of applying Gunther Teubner's theory of social constitutionalism, especially with regard to the exclusivity in the production of self-regulation(mentations) with constitutional status by the social subsystems themselves.Results: It was found that, in late modern countries, given the imbalance in the relationships between the internal spheres of social subsystems (spontaneous and organizational), there is an extreme difficulty in the direct and pure application of Gunther Teubner's theory of social constitutionalism, especially with regard to the exclusivity of production of self-regulation(mentations) with constitutional status by the social subsystems themselves. In these regions of the planet, the constitutionality of such norms depends on a minimum regulation of the State, through which the participation of fundamental rights as maintainers of balance in the dynamics of those relations is guaranteed.Contributions: In peripheral countries, the constitutionality of norms of their own social regimes (self-regulation(ment) tions) depends on a minimum regulation of the State, through which the participation of fundamental rights is guaranteed as maintainers of balance in the dynamics between the relationships of the areas internal (spontaneous and organizational) of social systems.