Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Objective: From the understanding provided by the concept of cultural translation, the proposal of the present investigation focused on dimensioning the influence and circulation of ideas from the German Historical School and from the Jurisprudence of Concepts in the intellectual development of the jurist Augusto Teixeira de Freitas, whose work shaped the modern brazilian law.Methodology: This research used an empirical and deductive method, starting from the analysis of primary sources consistent in the author's publications at the time, combined with a bibliographic review of the legal historiography on the nineteenth century, as pertinent.Results: German theoretical trends were absorbed in Brazil in the context of the circulation of legal models from Europe. The analysis of Teixeira de Freitas' legal production leads to the conclusion that the author placed himself, in this context, between fidelity to the legal tradition of Portuguese praxis and the innovative contributions of the Enlightenment. The influence exerted on his work and trajectory by the German Historical School and the subsequent systematizing conceptualism, in turn, is undeniable, so that the author used a combination of different theoretical sources in favor of the modernization of Brazilian law.Contributions: To think about the circulation of theoretical trends in a transnational character, based on the concept of cultural translation, allows the processes of normativity formation to be understood in a nuanced and complex way, considering the resignifications that arises in specific contexts. This demonstrates, therefore, the essentiality of the historical-legal study to critically question the unconscious assumptions of dogmatic disciplines, revealing the historicity behind the proposed solutions.

Objective: The increase in teleworking due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a paradigm shift in the world of work, highlighting the need to carry out an analysis of the rights of the teleworker, since said employment relationship is not regulated in an appropriate manner complete.  The current Law 10/2021 offers a balanced regulation of rights and obligations of teleworking, although article 13 of the SW maintains many legal gaps regarding remote work.Methodology: The real protection of the teleworker in Spain will be analyzed, from the point of view of judicial, constitutional and scientific doctrine, the conjugation of the fundamental rights of the teleworker with the power of surveillance and control of the employer, to understand the study of the different points of view regarding the existing regulation and jurisprudence.Results: New technologies have facilitated the organization of tasks within the framework of labor relations, as well as a much more efficient development and execution of productive activity.  However, they have also helped to expand the vigilance that the employer has with respect to its workers, with the disciplinary consequences that this may entail, as the different jurisdictional bodies have been delimiting through the weighting of the legal assets at stake.Contribution: The inviolability of the home, the right to privacy of the teleworker and their communications, or the confrontation of rights between the worker and the employer constitute the main new challenges, in which any measure must comply with the provisions of the regulations, in the regulations of collective agreements and under the criteria of suitability, necessity and proportionality.

La presente contribución analiza la relación de la pobreza y la migración económica, la cual ha sido interpretada generalmente como factor de criminalidad en los países receptores. En específico se estudia la vicisitud de la migración de los mexicanos indocumentados a los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, su marginación, su exclusión. Principalmente a través de los recursos cognitivos de la teoría de los sistemas sociales, se pretende evidenciar cómo la política y el derecho -norteamericano- construyen al criminal y a su vez producen una vulnerabilidad (institucionalizada) para el migrante. De manera más específica, se analiza cómo, con base en el principio de la “seguridad”, el derecho y la política moderna han producido una violencia extrema respecto a la alteridad, esto es, respecto al migrante económico y de color, siendo objeto de persecución y represión por parte de la autoridad norteamericana. En todo caso, se pone de manifiesto la forma en que opera la modernidad, en su dimensión político-jurídica, la cual produce la "inclusión" (universal) de todos los sujetos a través de la libertad y la seguridad y la simultánea exclusión, ya que lo que realmente sea la libertad y la seguridad (sus espacios, sus límites y contenidos) viene determinado en el interior del derecho y la política de los Estados modernos.

Background: The technology known as blockchain allows private relations that are international per se, since its operation is based on decentralized logic, in which its different "nodes" are distributed in computers all over the world. However, to locate a transaction made through blockchain through the classical reasoning of Private International Law is a challenging task, which brings questions about how to address the matter of jurisdiction and choice of law in those legal relations. Objective: The objective of this article is to present the difficulties in identifying the competent court and the connecting factor applicable to international conflicts potentially arising from the technology, as well as to point out possible paths for a solution. Method: The research uses the deductive method; as for the procedure, it is a bibliographical research that analyzes studies and scientific articles on the subject. Results: The research concludes that the application of classical criteria to solve conflicts of laws matters in the blockchain requires specific care and suggests that peer to peer technology itself can bring viable alternatives for greater legal security in the solution of conflicts emerging from technology.

Objective:The purpose of this article is to analyze a structural remedy model developed by the Constitutional Court of South Africa, called Meaningful Engagement, which can minimize the impact of traditional objections to structural litigation, as it increases community participation and interinstitutional dialogue between the various actors responsible for the solution of the problem.Methodology: As a research methodology, in addition to the traditional bibliographic research around the doctrine developed on the subject, a more in-depth analysis of the two paradigmatic cases that served as the basis for the development of the South African institute, Olivia Road and Joe Slovo, was carried out.Results: It is concluded that are intrinsic and extrinsic reasons for seeking inspiration in the Meaningful Engagement model. The South African model, by valuing institutional dialogue and public participation, mitigates the usual criticisms to structural litigation.Contributions: From the results, it is observed that: a) in dialogic structural remedies, affected communities are treated with dignity and can influence the formulation of public policies that concern them.; b) public participation guarantees the structural injunctions transparency and, to the judges, greater technical capacity, since only with the inclusion of the social segments affected by the problem that is intended to be overcome will the judge be able to produce measures consistent with the real needs the concrete case; c) finally, public participation and institutional dialogue also collaborate to mitigate the criticisms usually made of structural processes.

Objective: This paper aims to test the hypothesis of the constitutionality of the public policies implementation by the Federal Supreme Court to tackle Covid-19 in the Brazilian prison system supported by the unconstitutional state of affairs theory developed by the Constitutional Court of Colombia.Background: To this end, it addresses the serious political and legal issues of the prison system, which have been aggravated by the current pandemic moment.Method: The indicative paradigm was prioritized as the methodology of the present work, with the study of two paradigmatic cases analyzed under the theoretical frameworks necessary to apprehend concepts inherent to the theme.Results: As obtained, the research shows that the declaration by the Federal Supreme Court of the unconstitutional state of affairs in the Brazilian prison system innovates by opening possibilities for the Court to take on the role in the formulation, implementation and control of public policies. In cooperation with the other Powers (and eventually with private actors). With the aim of promoting material democracy. Despite the caution that must be taken in order to guarantee the soundness of the separation of Powers (an essential element of a democratic State). An analysis based on the principle of the unity of the Constitution (which must be interpreted as a system of interrelated norms) endorses the legitimacy of applying the theory of the unconstitutional state of affairs in cases where it is not possible to achieve the realization of fundamental rights. As is the case of the prison system.Conclusion: In this way, the intersections between constitutionalism and democracy are worked, as well as the role of the Powers in facing the health crisis from the theoretical analysis of these elements (bibliographic review); an analysis of the paradigmatic decisions (albeit in a preliminary order) of the Federal Supreme Court (ADPF 347 and ADPF 684), which embraces, for the first time in Brazil, the theory of the unconstitutional state of affairs; paradigm decisions are compared with the Covid-19 numbers provided by public entities. In the end, this work proves the constitutionality and the need to implement public policies to protect the rights of the vulnerable in the penal system. It is especially true in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, and that the Constitutional Court's role in this mission does not corrupt the Separation of Powers, if the requirements of the unconstitutional state of affairs theory are met.

Resumo Neste artigo temos como objetivo descrever o uso de técnicas de reciclagem de papel como atividade prática a ser realizada em sala de aula como forma de inserir as discussões sobre desenvolvimento sustentável e reaproveitamento de resíduos sólidos, oferecendo a outros professores da área exemplos destas práticas. As atividades práticas e os registros foram realizados com 25 estudantes do 9º. ano da Escola Estadual de Ensino Fundamental Professor Clemente Pinto, localizada no bairro Primavera, em Novo Hamburgo (Rio Grande do Sul), entre agosto e dezembro de 2019. As atividades envolveram a disciplina de Ciências e cumprem a exigência do Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso da Especialização em Ensino de Ciências, com Ênfase em práticas de pesquisa, oferecida pela UERGS em parceira com o Colégio Maria Auxiliadora (Canoas/RS) e a Rede de Escolas Associadas do Programa de Escolas Associadas da UNESCO. A proposta foi dividida em três fases (contextualização e apresentação da atividade, coleta dos resíduos sólidos pelos estudantes e realização das práticas de reciclagem de papel) e foram realizadas quatro práticas de reciclagem de papel: “folha de papel artesanal”; “papel semente reciclado”; “papel machê” e “vasinhos de papel”.  Os estudantes participaram ativamente de cada uma das etapas propostas demonstrando grande interesse e empolgação durante a realização das mesmas. Podemos concluir que, mesmo práticas relativamente simples, aliadas à exposição de conteúdos teóricos, reforçam o objetivo da escola de oferecer possibilidades de formação integral aos estudantes desenvolvendo o pensamento sobre os problemas ambientais e a busca por soluções para estes problemas. Desta forma incentivamos a replicação do método aqui apresentado não somente por professores de Ciências, mas por professores de todas as áreas do conhecimento como forma de incluir em suas práticas pedagógicas mais ações práticas associadas aos conteúdos teóricos.   Palavras-chave: Aulas de ciências; desenvolvimento sustentável; educação ambiental; práticas em ambiente escolar; resíduos sólidos urbanos.   Abstract Paper recycling techniques in a school environment: experience aligning theory and practice   In this article we aim to describe the use of paper recycling techniques as a practical activity to be carried out in the classroom as a way to introduce discussions on sustainable development and reuse of solid waste, offering examples of these practices to other teachers. The practical activities and records were carried out with 25 students from 9th grade, from August to December 2019. The students are from “Escola Estadual de Ensino Fundamental Professor Clemente Pinto”, located in the Primavera district, in Novo Hamburgo (Rio Grande do Sul). The activities involved the discipline of Science and fulfill the requirement to the Conclusion of the Specialization in Science Teaching with Emphasis on Research Practices, offered by UERGS in partnership with Colégio Maria Auxiliadora (Canoas/RS) and the Program of the Associated Schools from UNESCO. The proposal was divided into three phases (contextualization and presentation of the activity, collection of solid waste by students and practices of paper recycling). Four paper-recycling practices were carried out: “handmade paper sheet”; “recycled seed paper”; “paper Mache” and “paper vases”. The students actively participated in each of the proposed steps, showing great interest and excitement during their performance. We can conclude that, even relatively simple practices, combined with exposure to theoretical content, reinforce the school's objective of offering possibilities for comprehensive education to students, developing thinking about environmental problems and the search for solutions to these problems. Thus, we encourage the replication of the method presented here not only by science teachers, but also by teachers from all areas of knowledge as a way to include more practical actions associated with theoretical content in their pedagogical practices.   Keywords: Science classes; sustainable development; environmental education; practices in a school environment; urban solid waste.   Resumen Técnicas de reciclaje de papel en un entorno escolar: experiencia alineando teoría y práctica En este artículo pretendemos describir el uso de técnicas de reciclaje de papel como una actividad práctica a realizar en el aula como una forma de insertar discusiones sobre desarrollo sostenible y reutilización de residuos sólidos, ofreciendo ejemplos de estas prácticas a otros docentes en el campo. Las actividades prácticas y registros se llevaron a cabo con 25 alumnos de 9° grado de la Escola Estadual de Ensino Fundamental Professor Clemente Pinto, ubicada en el distrito Primavera, en Novo Hamburgo (Rio Grande do Sul), entre agosto y diciembre de 2019. Las actividades involucraron la disciplina de Ciencias y cumplen con el requisito del Trabajo de Conclusión del Curso de la Especialización en Enseñanza de las Ciencias con Énfasis en Prácticas de Investigación, ofrecida por UERGS en alianza con el Colégio Maria Auxiliadora (Canoas/RS) y la Red de Escuelas Asociadas del Programa de Escuelas Asociadas de la UNESCO. La propuesta se dividió en tres fases (contextualización y presentación de la actividad, recogida de residuos sólidos por parte de los alumnos y realización de prácticas de reciclaje de papel) y se realizaron cuatro prácticas de reciclaje de papel: “hoja de papel artesanal”; “papel de semillas reciclado”; “papel maché” y “jarrones de papel”. Los alumnos participaron activamente en cada uno de los pasos propuestos, mostrando gran interés y entusiasmo durante su actuación. Podemos concluir que, incluso las prácticas relativamente simples, combinadas con la exposición de contenidos teóricos, refuerzan el objetivo de la escuela de ofrecer posibilidades de educación integral a los estudiantes, desarrollar el pensamiento sobre los problemas ambientales y la búsqueda de soluciones a estos problemas. Así, incentivamos la replicación del método aquí presentado no solo por los profesores de ciencias, sino por profesores de todas las áreas del conocimiento como una forma de incluir más acciones prácticas asociadas a los contenidos teóricos en sus prácticas pedagógicas. Palabras clave: Clases de ciencias; desarrollo sostenible; educación ambiental; Prácticas en un entorno escolar; residuos sólidos urbanos.  

Resumo O presente artigo relata uma abordagem dos conteúdos de funções inorgânicas, através da produção de adubo orgânico em laboratório, utilizando como matéria-prima os resíduos descartados na escola, que podem atuar como fontes de nutrientes para o tratamento de solos inférteis. Em contrapartida ao modelo tradicional, o ensino de química deve trazer aos estudantes a compreensão dos fenômenos químicos e transformações que os cercam, tornando-os cidadãos capazes de intervir e melhorar o ambiente a sua volta. Este estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver no aluno pró-atividade, competências e habilidades para a pesquisa alinhada à prática escolar, assim como a compreensão de como ocorrem determinados processos químicos na natureza. A proposta de ensino voltada para pesquisa foi aplicada a estudantes da Escola Estadual de Educação Básica Santa Rita, em Nova Santa Rita (Rio Grande do Sul). A primeira etapa abordou aspectos teóricos, pesquisas e determinação de locais estratégicos para execução das atividades práticas. Na segunda, iniciou-se construção de uma horta, da coleta de resíduos e a produção do adubo orgânico; e na terceira, foram realizadas as validações dos resultados obtidos. Observou-se o auxílio mútuo entre os discentes nas atividades experimentais, além do desenvolvimento da capacidade de intervenção, quando necessária, na busca por melhores resultados. Foi possível perceber uma mudança positiva em relação aos resíduos descartados, tais como cascas de batata, banana, ovo e também erva-mate, na escola, onde os estudantes com total autonomia, compartilharam entre si, informações observadas no estudo. Palavras-chave: Compostagem; elementos químicos; horta na escola. Abstract Veggie Garden at school: chemistry teaching from organic fertilizer production   This article reports an approach to the contents of inorganic functions, through the production of organic fertilizer in the laboratory, through the use of waste material discarded at school, which can function as sources of macro and micronutrients for enrichment and treatment of infertile soils. In contrast to the traditional model, teaching chemistry should bring the student an understanding of the chemical phenomena and transformations that surround them, making them citizens capable of intervening and improving the environment around them. This study aims to develop in the student proactivity, skills and abilities for research aligned to school practice, as well as the understanding of how certain chemical processes take place in nature. The teaching proposal for research was applied to students at Santa Rita State School of Basic Education in Nova Santa Rita (Rio Grande do Sul). The first stage covered theoretical aspects, research and determination of strategic locations for carrying out practical activities. In the second, the construction of a vegetable garden began, the collection of residues and the production of organic fertilizer, and in the third, the validations of the results obtained were carried out. It was observed the mutual help among the students in experimental activities, in addition to the development of intervention capacity, when necessary, in the search for better results. It was possible to notice a positive change in relation to the discarded garbage, such as banana and potatoes peels, egg shells and also tea herbs, at school, where students with full autonomy shared with each other the observed information in the study. Keywords: Composting; chemical elements; school garden.   Resumen Huerta en la escuela: la enseñanza de química a partir de la producción de abono orgánico   El presente artículo relata un abordaje de los contenidos de funciones inorgánicas, a través de la producción de abono orgánico en laboratorio, utilizando como materia prima los residuos descartados en la escuela, que pueden servir como fuentes de macro y micronutrientes para enriquecimiento y tratamiento de suelos infértiles. En contrapartida al modelo tradicional, la enseñanza de química debe ofrecer a los estudiantes la comprensión de los fenómenos químicos y de las transformaciones que los rodean, convirtiéndolos en ciudadanos capaces de intervenir y mejorar el ambiente alrededor. Este estudio tiene como objetivo desarrollar en el alumno proactividad, competencias y habilidades investigativas alineadas a la práctica escolar, así como la comprensión de como ocurren determinados procesos químicos en la naturaleza. La propuesta de enseñanza destinada a la investigación fue aplicada a estudiantes de la Escola Estadual de Educação Básica Santa Rita, en Nova Santa Rita (Rio Grande do Sul). La primera etapa abordó aspectos teóricos, investigaciones y determinación de locales estratégicos para la realización de las actividades prácticas. En la segunda, se inició la construcción de una huerta, la recolección de residuos y la producción del abono orgánico, y, en la tercera, fueron realizadas las validaciones de los resultados obtenidos. Se observó el auxilio mutuo entre los discentes en las actividades experimentales para las medidas de pH, demostrando preocupación con los resultados obtenidos, además de la capacidad de intervención, cuando necesaria, en la búsqueda de una alteración de los datos obtenidos. Fue posible percibir un cambio positivo con relación a los residuos descartados en la escuela, tales como cáscaras de papa, plátano, huevo y también yerba mate, y los estudiantes, con total autonomía, compartieron informaciones observadas en el estudio. Palabras clave: Compostaje; elementos químicos; huerta en la escuela. 

Resumo O uso de sistemas multiagentes vem surgindo como uma solução para proporcionar o autogerenciamento no fluxo produtivo da indústria, sem a necessidade da interferência humana. Atualmente, a alternativa funcional melhor documentada para esta finalidade é a plataforma JADE (Java Agent DEvelopment Framework), o que implica no uso da linguagem de programação Java. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar uma nova alternativa a esta plataforma, utilizando a plataforma PADE (Python Agent DEvelopment Framework) para programar um sistema multiagentes dedicado à manufatura industrial. A partir de uma planta industrial simulada, foram executadas simulações com o uso deste sistema para o controle das máquinas usadas na produção de um produto que necessitava de uma montagem multiprocessos. Os resultados apresentaram que a plataforma PADE, mesmo sendo mais nova que a já consolidada JADE, demonstra ser um framework promissor, impulsionada pelo uso da linguagem de programação Python, em ascensão no meio computacional. Ter os resultados comparativos entre as duas plataformas em métricas distintas agrega valor quando da escolha de quais sistemas e qual linguagem utilizar a partir das métricas que o usuário necessitar. Palavras-Chaves: Sistema multiagente; PADE; JADE; indústria 4.0; sistema auto-organizável.    Abstract Features of the JADE and PADE multi-agent system platforms in industrial manufacturing applications. The use of multi-agent systems has emerged as a solution to provide self-management in the industry's production flow, without the need for human interference. Currently, the best documented functional alternative for this purpose is the JADE platform (Java Agent DEvelopment Framework), which implies the use of the Java programming language. This work aims to investigate a new alternative to this platform, using the PADE platform (Python Agent DEvelopment Framework) to program a multi-agent system dedicated to industrial manufacturing. From a simulated industrial plant, simulations were performed with the use of this system to control the machines used in the manufacturing of a product, which required a multi-process assembly. The results showed the PADE platform, even though it is newer than the one already consolidated that JADE, proves to be a promising framework, driven by the use of the Python programming language, on the rise in the computing environment. Having the comparative results between the two platforms in different metrics adds value when choosing which systems and which language to use, based on the metrics that the user needs. Keywords: Multiagent system; PADE; JADE; industry 4.0; self-organizing system.   Resumen Características de las plataformas de sistemas multiagente JADE y PADE en aplicaciones de fabricación industrial El uso de sistemas multiagente ha surgido como una solución para proporcionar la autogestión en el flujo de producción de la industria, sin la necesidad de interferencia humana. Actualmente, la alternativa funcional mejor documentada para este propósito es la plataforma JADE (Java Agent DEvelopment Framework), que implica el uso del lenguaje de programación Java. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar una nueva alternativa a esta plataforma, utilizando la plataforma PADE (Python Agent DEvelopment Framework) para programar un sistema multiagente dedicado a la fabricación industrial. A partir de una planta industrial simulada, se realizaron simulaciones con el uso de este sistema para el control de las máquinas utilizadas en la producción de un producto, que requería un ensamblaje multiprocesos. Los resultados evidenciaron que la plataforma PADE, aunque es más nueva que la ya consolidada que JADE, demuestra ser un framework promisor, impulsado por el uso del lenguaje de programación Python, en auge en el entorno computacional. Tener los resultados comparativos entre las dos plataformas en métricas diferentes agrega valor a la hora de elegir qué sistemas y qué lenguaje utilizar, en base a las métricas que el usuario necesitar. Palabras clave: Sistema multiagente; PADE; JADE; industria 4.0; sistema de autoorganización.  

As mudanças ocorridas em termos de paradigmas tecnológicos, no que tange aos campos econômico, político, social e cultural, com destaque para a proliferação das redes sociais e o acesso à informação instantânea, deu maior poder de cidadania aos cidadãos para exigir dos entes públicos maior eficiência, eficácia, efetividade e transparência na aplicação de recursos públicos. A fim de constatar a resposta da administração a essas novas exigências, o presente estudo buscou verificar, por meio da avaliação de transparência ativa proposta por Monteiro (2014) e com análise comparativa dos resultados obtidos pelos autores, nas sete universidades públicas federais localizadas no Rio Grande do Sul, a aderência aos preceitos trazidos pelas Lei de Acesso à Informação, assim como às práticas de accountability. Utilizou-se de pesquisa descritiva, com método qualitativo para a análise dos dados, os quais foram coletados nos portais de transparência das referidas instituições. Observou-se a evolução das universidades quanto à transparência ativa e seus esforços em oferecer uma accountability de qualidade, representada por informações disponíveis, oportunas e de entendimento claro. As instituições federais de ensino superior evoluíram em suas práticas de transparência ativa, a constatar-se pela média geral final, e individualmente, em que a maioria das instituições aumentaram sua nota de 2014 para 2020. Palavras-chave: Transparência; prestação de contas; universidades. Abstract Assessment of transparency and accountability at federal universities in Rio Grande do Sul The changes that have taken place in terms of technological paradigms, regarding the economic, political, social and cultural fields, with emphasis on the proliferation of social networks and access to instantaneous information, have given greater citizenship power to citizens to demand from public entities more efficiency, effectiveness and transparency in the application of public resources. In order to verify the administration's response to these new requirements, this study sought to verify, through the evaluation of active transparency proposed by Monteiro (2014) and with a comparative analysis of the results obtained by the authors, in the seven federal public universities located in Rio Grande do Sul, adherence to the precepts brought by the Access to Information Law, as well as to accountability practices. Descriptive research was used, with a qualitative method for data analysis, which were collected on the transparency portals of the aforementioned institutions. The evolution of universities in terms of active transparency and their efforts to provide quality accountability, represented by available, timely and clear understanding information, was observed. The federal institutions of higher education have evolved in their practices of active transparency, as shown by the final overall average, and individually, in which most institutions increased their score from 2014 to 2020. Keywords: Transparency; accountability; universities. Resumen Evaluación de la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas en las universidades federales de Rio Grande do Sul Los cambios que se han producido en materia de paradigmas tecnológicos, en el ámbito económico, político, social y cultural, con énfasis en la proliferación de redes sociales y el acceso a información instantánea, otorgaron mayor poder de ciudadanía a los ciudadanos para exigir mayor eficiencia a las entidades públicas. , efectividad, efectividad y transparencia en la aplicación de los recursos públicos. Para verificar la respuesta de la administración a estos nuevos requerimientos, este estudio buscó verificar, a través de la evaluación de transparencia activa propuesta por Monteiro (2014) y con un análisis comparativo de los resultados obtenidos por los autores, en las siete universidades públicas federales ubicadas en Rio Grande do Sul, la adhesión a los preceptos de la Ley de Acceso a la Información, así como a las prácticas de rendición de cuentas. Se utilizó una investigación descriptiva, con un método cualitativo para el análisis de datos, que fueron recolectados en los portales de transparencia de las instituciones mencionadas. Se observó la evolución de las universidades en términos de transparencia activa y sus esfuerzos por ofrecer una rendición de cuentas de calidad, representada por información disponible, oportuna y clara comprensión. Los instituciones federales de educación superior han evolucionado en sus prácticas de transparencia activa, como lo demuestra el promedio general final, e individualmente, en el que la mayoría de las instituciones aumentaron su puntaje de 2014 a 2020.  Palavras clave: Transparencia; rendición de cuentas; universidades.