Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

As noted in the Explanatory Statement of Royal Decree-Law 32/2021, the increase in the use of productive outsourcing as a cost reduction mechanism negatively affects qualitative competition between companies and also affects the increase in job insecurity This is why its regulation should be modernized to ensure proper use in cases that improve productive activity, while discouraging it in those cases where it is merely a cost-cutting instrument, as well as moving toward the equalization of conditions for subcontracted working persons and strengthening the responsibility of contracting companies or subcontractors. Outsourcing should be justified on business grounds other than reducing the working conditions of working people in contracting companies. This is not only a plausible and legitimate objective, but there is also a fundamental reason linked to the principle of non-discrimination as is the case in jobs, professions or sectors with high female occupation. However, with regard to the Workers' Statute, the reform has limited itself to amending paragraph 6 of the redrafted Article 42 of  the ET, which establishes a set of rules of preference applying to the collective agreement that is to be applicable to contractors and subcontractors. And it may pose interpretative problems to realize the principle of substantial equality between the workers involved in the business subcontracting network.

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We address the study of policies destined to the mature workers close to the retirement age in full relationship with the digitalized society and, specifically, the classic instruments of permanence, reincorporation into the labour market or social protection of this vulnerable group –as a criticism or lack–.

In the cases in which the unions between Spaniards and foreigners (factual or legal) end traumatically, the negative consequences for minor children can be aggravated when one of the parents, generally the foreigner, unilaterally decides the international transfer of the minor in search of the protection of the legal system of his country of origin. It is a complex phenomenon in which diverse interests concur, in whose resolution a plurality of legal instruments are involved, including criminal law, which arbitrates a specific or differentiated response to this form of crime in article 225 bis 3 of the punitive text, to whose dogmatic and jurisprudential analysis the following lines will be devoted. For this purpose, we will specify the common elements with the primary type, fundamentally the legal right and the subjects, to examine the typical behaviour’s specialities and the penalties’ severity.

The article analyses arguments explaining social informal exchanges in parallel with legal norms in society. First, it examines the origins of informal exchange of goods and services in the society whereby first, discloses and provides examples of differences of legal and social norms regulating gifts and other informal exchange; second, provides an explanation of these differences, and third, provides explanation of causes which lead to such differences. The article is based on the assumption that legal and social norms should be conforming, only in such way it is possible to expect efficiency of legal regulation on the behavior of members of the society. By analyzing the existing discrepancies, the work provides insights together with proposed criteria to distinguish a bribe from a justifiable gift, what action should be taken to reduce the prevalence of minor corruption.  

After more than a decade of operation, the procedure provided for in the Dependency Law has been revealed as totally inefficient, causing unaffordable waiting list. This, together with the pandemic, has given rise to the so-called Shock Plan for dependency 2021-2023, and the Plan to reduce waiting list. Following what is foreseen in them, several Autonomous Communities -including Andalusia- are addressing an in-depth reform of the procedure, simplifying the phases, all of which must result in the effective fulfillment of the subjective right to protection by dependency.

The present study on the civil efficacy of the sentences that issued in the ecclesiastical courts decree the nullity of the marriage celebrate in canonical form. To do this, we formulate a two-ways analysis, on the one hand, the procedural framework that the Spanish legal system develops for its recognition and execution. On the other, the community regulations that will allow us to glimpse the existence or not of a European public order in the matter, since one of the substantial aspects in people, is the question of marital status and in this case, marriage and dissolution of the bond.

This paper is aimed to describe an art education project conducted with children between the ages of 3 and 5 years old.  The setting of the research is a school called DPDB, based in Naples (Italy), which has been using various art forms as a pedagogical tool for more than thirty years, believing that the child is not only a reflective subject but also and mostly an active and participative one.   Specifically, the researcher in charge of the educational project followed a group of 5-year-old children, in a period clearly marked by the material and immaterial consequences caused by the current health emergency, which affected not only the daily life of families and schools but also social relations in general.   Within this complex framework, characterized by the important issues of presence and absence, of beginning and end, the educators outlined a didactic project that can change according to the possibilities and that, at the same time, can remain solid and substantial in its pedagogical aim.    During this delicate phase of growth, children use an increasingly complex way of thinking, largely subdivided into concepts, increasingly wider categories, and not necessarily concretely perceptible. They start to be interested in the process of searching for solutions, the discovery of different constants that regulate different processes, action planning, and formulating hypotheses about possible outcomes.    Their attention becomes more and more refined and its focus is considerably lengthened so that the categories of time and space begin to have a real meaning in the everyday experience.    The didactic project was thus developed around the great theme of time and its dimensions, and then focused on the concept of space and all its possible declinations.   Space was considered both in its most intimate meaning of individual space, meaning space for oneself in which to write one's own personal history, and in its topological meaning linked to orientation, distances, measurements, explorations, and understood as space-world, that is, from an ecological point of view.    Thus, a project based on the use of maps was planned. Specifically, it started from a map of the school itself, which was studied in all its directions and then divided into geographical groups, and transposed to a larger scale. This process of translation to scale is something that trains cognitive reasoning to the possibilities of writing: small letters that form words, which then form sentences in a given space sheet.    The following step was to explore the open spaces within the school perimeter, in particular the courtyards, the stairs, the terraces; the children were then trained to follow the arrows and the numbers leading to the different environments, which are carriers of messages and directions to be read and deciphered, like a treasure map leading to knowledge.  Once at the top, the children found themselves surrounded by the many wonders of the city, staring ad the open horizon around them: the Vesuvius, San Martino hill, the Spanish quarters, and the great dome.   

Historically architecture as a médium has transformed natural landscapes to generate the spaces in which we develop as social beings. The discipline builds some of the most representative cultural symbols and undoulbtedly is one of those responsable for the mediation of people with the places they inhabit. Knowing and evaluating the buildings in our immediate surroundings makes us aware of their qualities, helping to develop a more critical attitude regarding their care and management. Despite not being a specific content of the Primary Education curriculum, the multiple dimensions of architecture mean that its contents can be explored in a transversal and multidisciplinary way, adapting to the premises set by formal education. This study made us investigate the forms that define the architectures of our immediate surroundings, taking our house as the starting point of an imaginary journey through the landscape. The participants in the artistic-educational actions were primary school students from Güejar Sierra (Granada), being contextualized by the EducaUGR – University of Granada program of activities for schoolchildren. The artist's book Every building on the Sunset Strip by Edward Ruscha (1966) served as an inspiring element for two essential reasons: first, by providing a particular approach from which to recognize and represent the urban landscape and, second, by converting an object everyday as it is a book in an innovative medium for artistic creation. This artistic, educational and research project seeks to transform educational practices in Primary Education and considers architecture as a subject of interest for the critical formation of people, taking contemporary visual arts and cultures as a reference for learning about the world, its landscapes and built forms.

During the year 2020, in the context of the health emergency of COVID-19, the need to establish ties between poetic text and graphic illustration emerges, with the initial objective of experimenting with new forms of construction of artistic knowledge, through manual and digital tools of editing to generate knowledge from visual expression. Experience translated into a series of visual registers, such as sketches and drawings accompanied by poetic stories that configure an imaginary and symbolic world populated by characters and settings far from human sensibility and experience. Chinkangana's “Spirit of the Bird” (2010) is a poetic story loaded with “pure literature, pure creation, what human beings lack so much: so sane, so calculated, so little instinctive” (Sierra, 2017). Story that through oral language and visual language refers to an increasingly remote world, punished, mistreated and undermined by the irrational action of the human being. And that in full confinement emerges as a heartbreaking cry from a resignified orality with images that take on a life of their own apart from a present incapable of respecting the past memory of native peoples: “I dedicate these songs to the struggle and resistance of our native peoples in Colombia and America; to the grandfathers and grandmothers who have known how to keep their wisdom in a safe place to be taking it out in the most difficult moments of our journey ”(Chinkangana, 2010, p.10). In this way, text and image make up a visual story made up of "eight acts" that represent the poem "Bird Spirit" by Chinkangana (2010) in different fragments. Story that shows the need to belong to a Mother Earth, from which we have expelled ourselves to create spaces that satisfy a walk away from oral traditions. Language that allows to preserve the ethnic nature, philosophical reasons and worldview the life of indigenous peoples, whose holistic vision of nature plays a fundamental role in the life cycle of indigenous peoples, to transcend the limit of individual or collective physical well-being that puts us in contact with the spiritual essence of life itself (Moreno Rangel and Olmos Zamudio, 2014, pp. 30-31).