Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Las elecciones presidenciales de México en 2018 produjeron la victoria inédita de un candidato ubicado a la izquierda del espectro ideológico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Dicho triunfo modificó la configuración del sistema de partidos con la entrada de una nueva fuerza política al gobierno, Movimiento Regeneración Nacional (Morena). En este contexto, la investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar si este proceso electoral crítico de realineamiento electoral se relaciona con la activación de un clivaje étnico en la competencia electoral mexicana. Lo anterior se realiza con base en datos de encuesta destacando la autoadscripción étnica como variable independiente. El presente trabajo identifica aquellas dimensiones utilizadas en los estudios de comportamiento electoral, aportando evidencia sobre cómo la división política de carácter étnico forma parte de los factores estructurales para explicar el voto. Los principales resultados indican que, en estas elecciones, los votantes, autoidentificados como indígenas y mulatos, sufragaron significativamente más por el candidato ganador; mientras que aquellos autoidentificados como blancos dirigieron su voto predominantemente a los perdedores. Más que confirmar la hipotética existencia de un voto indígena, los resultados sugieren la activación de un voto étnico y regional, sumado al efecto de las posiciones ideológicas y los rendimientos del sistema político durante estas elecciones.

En México se ha hecho referencia a una crisis de confianza institucional. El Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE) no se ha librado de ella, sufriendo una disminución desde 2006. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la confianza en el INE, a partir de una metodología mixta que contempla el análisis de una encuesta nacional tipo panel y de grupos focales. Entre los principales resultados encontramos que la confianza en el ine no es la misma que la confianza en el proceso electoral y que conforme se acerca la jornada electoral disminuye la desconfianza en el INE; asimismo encontramos una desconfianza institucional generalizada por el desconocimiento sobre el proceso electoral y su relación con la política.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo definir la conformación de Nuevas Ideas (NI) como un partido movimiento en América Latina, que, con base en un movimiento virtual centrado en las redes sociales y el liderazgo personalizado de Nayib Bukele, ha logrado su consolidación como gobierno en El Salvador. Los resultados en las elecciones legislativas y municipales de 2021 confirmaron el protagonismo carismático del presidente Nayib Bukele y el éxito electoral de NI —que se constituye como el partido predominante al controlar la Presidencia, el parlamento y la mayoría de las municipalidades—; ratificaron el declive de los partidos tradicionales; e inauguraron una forma directa de comunicación política vía las redes sociales con la ciudadanía.

La observación internacional de las elecciones fue ingrediente destacado de los procesos de democratización en el mundo. México, en consecuencia, no fue la excepción. Este trabajo revisa el desarrollo y el impacto de la observación internacional en los procesos de democratización en México. El objetivo es mostrar cómo la observación internacional permitió incorporar mejores prácticas en la gestión electoral y ayudó a elevar los estándares de certeza en la organización y los resultados de las elecciones en diversos países y en México. Esta investigación comparada hace uso de bases de datos elaboradas con el propósito de revelar los aportes de la observación internacional en la calidad democrática de las elecciones.

Objective: to evaluate the experiences of sexuality and its correlation with frailty among older adults. Materials and methods: cross-sectional study carried out with a total of 250 older adults living in the Northeast of Brazil. They answered three instruments to obtain biosociodemographic, sexuality and frailty data. The analysis was performed using Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test with 95% confidence interval. Results: sexual intercourse was negatively correlated with reduced strength (ρ = -0.263; p < 0.001) and walking speed (ρ = -0.201; p = 0.001) and positively correlated with reported fatigue (ρ = 0.149; p = 0.018). Affective relationships were negatively correlated with reduced strength (ρ = -0.254; p < 0.001) and walking speed (ρ = -0.207; p = 0.001) and positively correlated with reported fatigue (ρ = 0.207; p = 0.001). Finally, physical and social adversities were positively correlated with reduced strength (ρ = 0.279; p < 0.001), reduced walking speed (ρ = 0.261; p < 0.001) and low physical activity (ρ = 0.140; p = 0.034), in addition to being negatively correlated with reported fatigue (ρ = -0.171; p = 0.009). Conclusion: it was found that the sexuality of older adults is better experienced in affective relationships and weak positive and negative correlations between sexuality and frailty.

Objective: To develop an operational definition of the “diagnostic reasoning” concept in nursing. Materials and methods: This concept analysis is based on Walker and Avant’s model. All the referential steps were followed: concept selection, determining the objectives and proposals for concept analysis, identifying the possible uses of the concept, determining the defining attributes, identifying a model case, identifying the contrary case, and identifying the precedents and consequences of the concept. Results: A sample of 20 studies was selected, identifying the following attributes: specialized thinking, cognitive skills, existing knowledge, intellectual competence; hypothesis-oriented reasoning; precedents: clinical assessment, practical experience, data interpretations, intuition, diagnostic judgment, information processing, clinical reasoning; consequences: improvement of nursing care, communication, planning interventions, addressing the identified problem, achieving effective results, autonomous actions, and quality of patient records. Conclusions: The study contributes to understanding the operational definition of the diagnostic reasoning concept in nursing by identifying the core attributes, precedents, and consequences.

Objective: to analyze the enablers and barriers to nurses’ professional role fulfillment during pandemics and disasters. Materials and methods: this was an integrative review based on the SALSA analytical method, carried out in eight databases, namely: Medline, Proquest, CINAHL, Web of Science, BVS, SpringerLink, Scopus, and Pubmed. The descriptors used were the following: ‘nurse’s role’ AND ‘pandemic’ AND ‘patient’ AND ‘coronavirus infection’, in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Filters along with inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the 11,031 articles found, after which the final sample consisted of a total of 32 articles. Results: considering the objectives set and the results obtained, it is noted that all actions focused on three main instances, namely: a) training and updating for role performance; b) predictors, enablers, and barriers for exercising the role in the face of a pandemic; and c) evidence of the role in the face of pandemics. Conclusion: this study allowed understanding both the barriers and the enablers that allow the fulfillment of nurses’ professional role in the face of pandemics or catastrophes. It also clarified that emerging infectious diseases must be addressed in an immediate, collaborative, and multidisciplinary way. Nurses’ experience, leadership, and professional training are key attributes that these professionals possess to enable their role to be more proactive during an emergency situation.

Objective: To determine the coping and adaptive capabilities in patients with cancer undergoing treatment. Methodology: This was a quantitative and descriptive cross-sectional study; the sample consisted of 100 patients with a cancer diagnosis who received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy treatment between June and August 2019, meeting the inclusion criteria. The Coping and Adaptation Processing Scale (CAPS) was used. Results: 53 % of the patients participating in the study presented high coping and adaptive capabilities; 40 % presented medium capabilities, and 7 % presented low capabilities. Conclusion: Continuous follow-up is extremely important throughout the disease process; having a romantic partner becomes a protective factor since patients feel heard and cared for, which motivates them to follow through with the treatment. In the nursing field, knowing the experience of those who live with an illness allows for transcending and impacting care by providing holistic attention to patients.

Objective: To determine a broad definition of the term interpersonal skills in nursing. Materials and methods: This theoretical study follows Walker and Avant’s method of concept analysis to examine the defining attributes of the concept. A literature search on interpersonal aspects of nursing was conducted in databases, e-books, and institutional repositories to recognize the uses, attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of the concept. Experts on professional and relationship skills were consulted between 2009 and 2019. Results: This information was analyzed, concluding that interpersonal skills in nursing are defined as the abilities of professional nurses to express their knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and values in relationships with colleages, patients, and their relatives and achieve a humane and person- centered practice. Conclusion: The concept of interpersonal skills in nursing is limited, given a lack of clarity in practice and research on the indistinct use of terms related to interpersonal skills and interpersonal knowledge. This analysis advances nursing theory towards practice and research.

Objective: To determine the effect of loneliness, anxiety, and depression on adopting the role of caregiver of older adults with chronic conditions in a sample of Mexican caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and method: Predictive and correlational design. The study was conducted with 157 caregivers through the dyad characterization scale, the HADS scale, the UCLA scale, and the Caregiver role adoption scale. The analysis used descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Most participants were female, with a mean care time of seven months. Mostly, the caregivers have anxiety as a clinical problem (27 %), doubtful depression (14.9 %), profound loneliness (66.2 %), and satisfactory adoption of the role (71.2 %). We found that the more significant the role of adoption, the lower the anxiety, depression, and loneliness levels (p < .05). The psychosocial factors, the age of the person cared for, the age of the informal caregiver, and the care time explained 36 % of the variance in role adoption (F = 13.12; p < .01), with loneliness as a predictive variable. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the caregivers’ mental health and caused profound loneliness, the latter being a predictor for adopting the role.