Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is an extratropical pattern that influences the climate of all Southern Hemisphere. However, the variability of this mode is an active area of research. The influence of lower frequency modes on SAM is a path to better knowledge about this pattern. The relationship between Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and SAM’s counterpart in the Northern Hemisphere (Northern Annular Mode) has been addressed by previous work. Still, few studies focus on the association between QBO and SAM. The goal of this work was to evaluate the possible QBO-SAM relationship through statistical analyses. This association was investigated by comparing QBO and SAM indices, the latter on different levels of the troposphere and stratosphere, for the 1981-2010 period. The wavelet analysis showed that the SAM indices for troposphere and stratosphere presented variability in many scales, including a two-year band. Cross-wavelets techniques between QBO and SAM ratified that this relation has a complex interaction. There was a significant common high power around the two-year band, with lags varying over the analyzed period, including no lag. Further analysis without lag confirmed previous studies, indicating that the negative (positive) SAM phase is more frequent for easterly (westerly) QBO. However, this was not valid for all months. Some additional analysis suggested that the upward wave propagation to the stratosphere for each QBO phase changes the stratospheric jet and, consequently, the SAM phase.

The following estimates analyse human bioclimatic conditions due to climate change in three time horizons, as suggested by Article 2 of the Paris Agreement. Each scenario corresponds to an increase in the global average temperature (∆T) of 1 ºC, 1.5 ºC and 2 ºC, respectively. The measurements of residential electricity consumption for air conditioning were made in 30 metropolitan areas of Mexico with at least half a million inhabitants in 2010. Bioclimatic conditions also included estimates of the effects of urban heat islands (UHI). Use of heating will decrease and, in some cases, disappear, while the need for cooling will increase. Electricity consumption due to cooling is expected to increase in Mexicali, Reynosa-Río Bravo (on the border with the United States), Cancún, Villahermosa, and Veracruz (on the shores of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico). Urban areas like Toluca, Pachuca, Xalapa, San Luis Potosí, and Puebla-Tlaxcala used little or no energy for cooling in the second decade of the 21st century but will need to do so halfway through the century

The Amazon Basin is dominated by convective rainfall with significant spatial and diurnal variability. Diurnal and seasonal distributions of convective events were determined from rainfall and Cloud Top Temperature (CTT) between January 2008 and December 2010 in city Belém-PA. The decis technique was used to select the most intense events (rainfall rate ≥ 15 mm h–1), which were subsequently, subclassified into deep convection events (DCE) and shallow convection events (SCE). Ninety four cases were found, mostly occurring between 12 and 19 LT, and 55% in the rainy season. Another set of DCE and SCE with rainfall rate ≥ 1 mm h–1 was selected to analyze the effect of seasonality. Of these, 42 cases were found also between 12 and 19 LT, with a maximum at 16 LT. Temperature profiles differed between the rainy and less rainy seasons, in the intensification of shallow and deep convection. Moisture profiles showed greater variability between 850 and 500 hPa, indicative of their role in convective activity; during the rainy season the atmosphere was more humid (less humid) before (at the time) of the occurrence of DCE. Wind components showed significant shear between surface and ~850 hPa, with stronger zonal component in the cases of DCE. The highest values of CAPE were observed about 2 to 3 hours before DCE and SCE, with maximum values before DCE in the rainy season. Results presented here are relevant to improve short-term forecasts and convective event simulations with numerical weather and climate models.

Dust deposition occurs extensively in arid and semi-arid areas. Dust particles have a high adsorption capacity and therefore high pollution potential. The present study investigates seasonal and spatial variations in atmospheric dust deposition rate (DDR) and the concentration of dust-borne heavy metals in the eastern part of Isfahan as well as Segzi plain located in the central part of Iran. Dust samples were collected from nine different sites on a monthly basis from December 2016 to September 2017 using glass trays. The total concentrations of Pb and Zn were measured. The lowest concentrations of Pb with 16.95 ± 25.21 mg kg–1 and Zn with 2.34 ± 0.80 mg kg–1 were recorded. The lowest value of seasonal DDR (0.7 ± 0.1 ton km–2 season–1) was observed in the winter due to low amount of precipitation, and the highest value (40.8 ± 0.1 ton km–2 season–1) was recorded in the summer. Spatial distribution of dust-borne Pb and Zn followed almost the same trend and the highest concentrations were observed in the western parts of the study area. It seems that fossil fuel, traffic, and industrial activities are the most important anthropogenic factors contributing to dust-borne heavy metals in the study area.

With the Napoleonic conquest, France will plunder of objects archaeological and works of art for the Louvre-Muséum Central des Arts, then Napoleon Museum, which was conceived as a Universal Museum in the service of Paris, capital of the new empire and successor of Rome. Napoleonic France wanted to deprive Rome of that status in the perspective of being the nation of freedom in the face of the theocratic despotism of the Holy See. With the fall of Napoleon when the pope returns and the looted pieces are returned, Italy will no longer be the same. We will witness the emergence of a national regeneration based on state unity, which will be known as the Risorgimento. The feeling will become tangible in the recovery of lost heritage, which will be considered national and subject to greater legal protection as the exemplary Editto Pacca of 1822, promoted by Pius VII. All these vicissitudes have been translated into a rich iconography of which in this article we present a sample.

The project of the staircase that connects the two floors of the procession cloister of the San Esteban of Salamanca Convent responds to the proposal of the famous theologian Fray Domingo de Soto. This article details how the friar took advantage of a functional space to exalt his memory by projecting his convinced Thomistic thought to the religious community through images and texts. The staircase executed by Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón ended up materializing as one of the most emblematic examples of 16th century Spanish architecture. From four sections that seem to float in the air, it manages to condition the space within a sought-after celestial semantic. The set of images visualizes the praise of the Incarnation in such a way that it redeems the nominalist past of the promoter.

In retrospect, Luis Gordillo’s work is indispensable to Spanish art over the last sixty years. Gordillo kept himself distanced from movements and powerful trends destined to fade with time, naturalizing a kind of forward flight with a certain causticity and irreverence, to venture onto paths previously unexplored in our context. In many ways, his construction of images is pioneering and foundational, becoming a reference in the field of new perspectives of the pictorial image and photographic nature. Nonetheless, in line with the artist's creative achievements in recent years, it seems appropriate to amplify these studies to understand Gordillo's work on a philosophical, perhaps psychologica level; from the immanence of a work of art filled with analysis, conquest and temporary rebellion.

Asperger's syndrome is a life condition that affects children and adolescents in areas of neuronal, psychological, cognitive, and social development; This group has been violated in the educational field during the pandemic, causing desertion. The educational system was not sufficiently prepared to meet the differentiated needs of this group of people, with the pressure falling on their families to attend to educational and therapeutic areas, assuming this responsibility to avoid the setback of their children with the progress achieved. The social deficiencies of people with this syndrome often cause them to be perceived as eccentric or two dissocial people, but if their behavior could be properly recognized, there would be less room for negative interpretations, requiring more information on the subject. It is important to know the situation of girls, boys and adolescents with Asperger syndrome as a result of the Pandemic, studying their social, medical, rights, educational and family development. The methodology was based on semi-structured interviews through observation and direct communication with parents and professionals in the area of therapies and educational environment. A lack of specific programs, differentiated for inclusion, that address individual characteristics was determined. A differentiated pedagogical adaptation is required by the managers and supervisors of the Inclusion Support Units and the Student Counseling Department, working in coordination with teachers and parents in the application of public policies that guarantee inclusion, as they require a personalized education. The study determines that 79,2% did not receive training from the Ministry of Education for online work, which is why there was student desertion in this pandemic. It is necessary for the State to implement specialized institutions for the education of people with this disorder.