Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

This study aimed to determine the prevalence, causal agent, and risk factors associated with bovine mastitis in the canton Montufar, provincial of Carchi, Ecuador. The Californian Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied to 386 dairy cows belonging to 70 Agricultural Production Units (UPAs). From the cows diagnosed with mastitis, a milk sample was taken, and these were cultivated on Petrifilm 3M TM plates to identify: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, Molds and Yeasts, possible causative agents of bovine mastitis. The isolation process was carried out following the specifications for each type of microorganism given by Petrifilm 3M TM. For the identification of risk factors, a structured questionnaire was carried out using the interview technique, with each of the owners of the UPAs under study, and with the results, the prevalence and risk factors through Chi-squared of Pearson were determined. The prevalence of bovine mastitis in the canton Montufar, was 35.71%. The recognized agents as causing bovine mastitis due to the frequency were Staphylococcus aureus 100.00%, enterobacteria 92.00%, Escherichia coli 64.00%, molds and yeasts 0.00%. The type of milking (mechanical milking) and the type of path (wet paths) were identified as risk factors with significant differences, ignorance of the disease, teat sealing, drying period, and type of udder cleaning were not defined as risk factors.

This research work presents the comparison of two chemical analyzes carried out separately on two dates of the same year, to the volatile fractions distilled from leaves of the Piper subscutatum species, collected in Numbani, Zamora Chinchipe, Ecua-dor. The first of them was quantitative, distilling a volatile fraction by vapor drag, and analyzed with a flame ionization detector (FID). This analysis was previously published as "Essential Oil and Major Non-Volatile Secondary Metabolites from the Leaves of Amazonian Piper Subscutatum". We are now introducing the second analysis, which was semi-quantitative, made by mi-cro-hydrodistillation and analyzed with an mass spectrometry detector (MSD), and a gas chromatographer with polar and apolar columns. We found 45 common compounds between both studies, most of them hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (55.65% and 41.68%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (8.55% and 8.75%), hydrocarbon monoterpenes (8.25% and 28.72%). Also, there were, in lesser proportions, monoterpenes oxygenated (1.25% and 3.96%) and others (2.5% and 3.58%). Standard deviation was also compared. In both studies, the most abundant compound was the sesquiterpene E-caryophyllene. For the first study, the second and third places there were β-chamigreno and E-nerolidol, which have pharmacological uses. In the second study, therewere monoterpenes: α-pinene, and β-pinene in second and third place, displacing β-chamigreno and E-nerolidol from secondto ninth place and from third to fourth place respectively. We also made a review of the terpenes' activities to think about their pharmacological and agrochemical applications.

This paper is focused on establishing the common understanding of public space, rather than the theoretical concept, in a location that is constantly undergoing a process of urban-architectural modification and transformation. This transformation entails the analysis of two ways of living, two lifestyles and two worlds that, due to urban growth and expansion, struggle, as a way of survival of the fittest, to impose their original characteristics and conditions on the other, we find a rural sector, which at a certain time had a clear agricultural and production vocation, its communal work and life in community, its habits and traditions; which is "threatened" by the arrival of a wave of features typical of the urban sector, by the optimization of land as merchandise, the increase of constructions, accelerated life and social individualism.The methodology used allowed, through the theoretical study, study around the place, planimetry analysis information provided by local government, to consider the public space as an element of social and cultural harmonization, we determine, from the ur-ban and architectural point of view, the perception that the inhabitants of a zone "in conflict", have concerning the establishment of the private, and how their original collective scenarios can maintain and endure, without neglecting the benefits of urbanization (access to basic services, improved infrastructure, better accessibility, and connectivity) and overcome the disappearance of the strong and meaningful rural characteristics.

The high Andean wetlands of the Province of Loja-Ecuador are under anthropogenic pressures due to the advance of the agricultural frontier and changes in land use, which impact their ecosystem functions. It is a relevant water resource, which has not been characterized and classified to guide strategies for the protection and mitigation of impacts. The lack of information and the intense disturbances they suffer require studies that evaluate the geo-ecological characteristics and the potential for carbon accumulation to guide protection and mitigation strategies. It is proposed to evaluate and geo-ecologically and environmentally classify the high Andean wetlands of the province of Loja, through analysis of the natural physical conditions and spatial evolution, which allow defining benefits for the population, carbon storage, regulation of water cycles, conservation of fresh water. and climate stabilization. The methodology was based on geo ecological criteria (RAMSAR and others), adjusted to tropical paramos regions. The province has 279 wetlands that are distributed in four paramos: to the south Saraguro and Yacuambi, to the north Jimbura-Amaluza and Loja-Vilcabamba. The wetlands are classified: 163 semi-colmated (mixed II-III), in the process of loss of water sheet due to the advance of sediments; 52 water mirrors (I) and 64 turf or peat-type colmated (IV), abundant in the Sara-guro and Yacuambi paramos. The latter have more critical geo ecological sustainability conditions.

This article proposes academic managment as a tool for strengthening Intercultural Bilingual Education in the Otavalo canton, Ecuador. The problema arises in the emergence of the virtual modality of teaching during the pandemic produced by COVID-19, where the already existing educational and socioeconomics crises in community contexts worsened, wich hindered the application of the educational model in the territory. The objective of the reaseach was to analyze the pedagogical management for teaching, from the integration of substantive university funtions. To do this, the methodology of Educational Action- Research was used, with the voluntary participation of 16 teachers of elementary school. Through the four investigative phases proposed by the methodology and, applying the focus group and participant observation as techniques, the results show positive changes in the aspects conceived in the methodological desing:a) teacher- studen relationship; b) lesson planning; c) virtual teaching tool; d) active methodologies for learning; e) forms of evaluation and pedagogical support for students with learning difficulties. The investigative process was carried out through the integration of the substantive university functions: academia, research and links with the society. The conclusions emphasize pedagogical management as a fundamental element for the stregthening of Bilingual Intercultural Education, based on teaching experiences. On the othe hand, it is shown that the integration of the substantive functions consolidates the theoretical – practical relationships of university students in a process of transforming critical action on reality.

The issue related to Ecuadorian-Colombian border integration is a topic of continuous discussion in the international relations of both countries, its coverage and especially its spectrum towards society makes it a sensitive issue of huge importance. The present work is the result of the research called "The integrationists Ecuador and Colombia, a retrospective of the processes of border integration, study period 1990 – 2018" and which aimed to focus on the vision and action of Ecuadorian and Colombian characters who contributed to the carrying out actions for the welfare of the border towns, their gaze towards the cultural contribution, sports, social, economic and even historical, very little researched and disseminated at the academic level. It was based on a bibliographic and hemerographic review and compilation, which is very scarce. In addition, the researchers carried out fieldwork with unstructured interviews with outstanding figures who still live in the provinces of Carchi and Imbabura (Ecuador) and the department of Nariño (Colombia); the data were tabulated and analyzed using the Atlas Ti software and whose results were paraphrased after the respective analysis. From this perspective, it was possible to verify that the cultural, social and economic wealth that the nations lived and are living has a hidden strength in terms of integration, each citizen is an integrationist protagonist for the formal or informal action that makes and gives life to the peoples from the field in which they contextualize their actions. In addition, governments encourage progress with the execution of presidential cabinets that until a certain moment contribute to the progress of border nations, but it is necessary to follow up on proactive execution based on the powers that each agency or citizen can carry out.

One of the most consumed drugs worldwide is, without a doubt, alcohol. According to some evidence, young people usually come into contact with alcohol between the ages of 12 and 17, this has led to different investigations in order to understand what patterns can condition alcohol consumption in young people. The objective of this article is to analyze three different pre-dictive models based on Machine Learning, in order to understand which of the analyzed models respond in the best way to the study of the prediction of the tendency to alcoholism in young people. To carry out the analysis, a data set of 521 records has been taken as a base, obtained from Kagle as a model, which was subjected to the analysis of the three models. According to the tests carried out with the predictive models, the Linear Regression model has greater precision with an accuracy of 1.00 compared to 0.95 for the KNN model and 0.98 for the Decision Tree. The study determines in the ROC curves analyzed that the linear regression model achieves better results between the sensitivity of true positives and the specificity of false positives. On the other hand, we must mention that according to the data set analyzed, the predictive indicators are the area where the adolescent lives, the family status in which he grows up, and the availability of free time. Although the study does not claim to be conclusive, it reflects the importance of recognizing protective psychosocial factors in the design and implementation of promotion and prevention programs associated with responsible alcohol consumption and non-violent behavior with adolescents from a salutogenic perspective.

Being the main caregiver of an elderly person with or without dependency generates a possible increase in the level of tension perceived by the person in charge. Assuming the role of primary caregiver could cause burden or overload, presenting possible alterations, negative consequences and impairments both physically and emotionally, prompting a decrease in quality of life. In Ecuador, the elderly represents an important public health problem associated with an increase in morbidity, mortality and health care costs, so that the demand for care for this vulnerable group probably generates constant tension or pressure on their health. Therefore, the relevance of investigating the relationship of the level of burden in the main caregivers, on the personality is to know the impact and the possible negative consequences on the person, given the high exposure of the demand for care. The main objective of this research was to determine the relationship between overload and personality traits of 274 main caregivers of adults in Ecuador. The research had a non-experimental, transactional, and non-probabilistic method because the subjects were not randomly selected, but chain or network ("snowball") type. The instruments used were: the Sociodemographic and Labor Ad-hoc questionnaire, the Zarit burden interview for caregivers, and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Ab-breviated (EPQR-A). Among the most relevant results we have a significant correlation r (264) = .331 p < .0001 of burden and neuroticism and a significant correlation r (261) = .221 p < .0001 of burden and psychoticism.

In Imbabura’s province the water cover is 75% for all its cantons, its main uses are for agriculture and human water consumption. The research’s objetive was to analyze in a participatory manner the evolution of water consumption, the factors that explain it and the feasibility of potential adaptation measures in the communities of the headwaters of the La Marquesa watershed in the Cotacachi canton. The research has a mixed approach, it was developed in 3 phases: first, evolution of the volume of water consumption in the headwaters of the basin; second, factors influencing the volume of water consumption and the number of headwaters in the basin and third, prioritization of adaptation measures to be implemented in the headwaters of the basin. The first results were: there are four months where greater water consumption is generated: June, August, September and December; the identified causes that influence the increase in the volume of consumption are the elaboration of chicha de jora, ritual baths, different social dynamics, city festivities and the vacation period; the adaptation measures prioritized jointly with community leaders were: (a) planting of plants; (b) environmental awareness campaigns to schools, and communities; (c) construction of dry toilets and treatment plants, (d) implementation of the technique for water harvesting and (e) construction of the water park. The planting of native plants and environmental education in schools and communities were more highly valued.    

The export and import of fresh milk represent a generation of resources that contribute to the world economy (US D11380 million for 2020). In Ecuador, livestock production and specialized dairy production generate income for large and medium-sized farms. However, small dairy farms have become a source of income. The purpose of this study is to analyze the certainty of raw milk production in the Province of Cotopaxi. The methodology has a quantitative approach, under a cross-sectional analysis of the data obtained during the years 2018, through surveys. A semi-structured survey was used to collect data with a sample of 366 farmers in the province of Cotopaxi. Therefore, the research analyzes the structural characteristics of land tenure, analyzed the Gini index, and a mathematical model application to simulate public policy scenarios of access to credit. The results show inequality in access to land (0.68 Gini index). Furthermore, in a conventional scenario of access to credit, large farms (> 1 ha) maintain a greater use of production factors. However, a simulated scenario, where small producers (< 0.5 ha) have access to credit, enables more uniform distribution of resources among all the groups observed. The study concludes that a change in the access to credit could promote an improvement in access to technology and hiring of labor in medium (0.5 ha – 1 ha) and small farms.