Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

L'objecte d'aquest estudi és oferir una nova perspectiva en la ja copiosa història de les mines de Riotinto: analitzar la relació existent entre l'evolució dels mercats mundials del coure i les estratègies laborals de la Companyia anglesa que les van explotar entre 1873 i 1954. En funcionar com un estat en el que anomenaven “el seu racó d'Espanya”, Rio Tinto Company Limited va tenir, almenys fins al 1939, l'autoritat per generar institucions de consens, però també per provocar conflictes si servien per reduir costos a les fases depressives de els mercats. Entre 1939 i 1954, perdudes aquestes competències sota el règim de Franco, va convenir a la Companyia unir-se al consorci bancari que va “nacionalitzar” el jaciment.

El 1884, va començar una controvèrsia a Linares (Jaén) sobre una nova fosa de plom que es pretenia construir al costat del nucli urbà, despertant queixes i temors d'alguns veïns pels possibles efectes dels seus fums. El districte plomífer de Linares era un dels més dinàmics d'Espanya i, al treball dur i la sinistralitat a les mines i les foneries de plom, se sumaven els efectes de la contaminació, tant ambientals com en la salut. Aquest treball se centra en la mineria del plom a Linares, entre les dècades de 1880 i 1920, per analitzar l'impacte de les foneries de plom, els debats sobre les càmeres de condensació i els efectes dels fums en la salut d'obrers i veïns . Es considera el paper d'institucions, com l'ajuntament, de la premsa i de diferents experts, com a enginyers de mines o metges, a la controvèrsia. Igual que va passar a d'altres països, les grans empreses mineres van utilitzar l'agnotologia com una estratègia per ocultar i relativitzar els riscos associats al plom.

Swiss chard is a horticultural crop with a highly nutritious value. These crops’ production required nutrients, which can be provided through mineral nutrient solutions or biofertilizers. Biofertilizers are products that contain beneficial microorganisms that improve soil quality and that promote plant growth. Additionally, these microorganisms carry out nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization. The present work assessed the application of compost tea, co-inoculation (Azospirillum and Glomus), and inorganic fertilizer over the growth (roots, stem, and leaves) and nutrient content in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. Forhook Giant) plants. The present work was carried out in a greenhouse using a randomized complete block design. Swiss chard plants treated with compost tea + inorganic fertilization (CTIF) accumulated more root and stem dry weight (4.06 and 8.10 g respectively), and, on the other hand, the leaf dry weight increased under three treatments: inorganic fertilization (IF), compost tea + co-inoculation (CTCi) and CTIF (12.5, 9.22 and 10.5 g respectively). Leaf area was greater in the IF and CTIF treatments. In Control (C) P and Mg content were higher; CTCi treatment increased the N, K, and Mn content; the co-inoculation (Ci) treatment increased Cu content as well as CTIF treatment increased the Ca, Fe, Zn, and B contents and in a lesser extent also the P, Mg, Cu, and Mn contents. The biomass partitioning coef ficient indicates that in six samples (from a total of seven samples), most of the photosynthates (PS) were used by the plants to form new leaves or to increase the size of the leaves. If an alternative method of fertilization is desired, it is recommended that a combination of biofertilizer and inorganic fertilization should be used, such as, the combination of compost tea and mineral solution that increased the production and the concentration of nutrients in the Swiss chard crop.

We characterized the trend of scientific research on biofertilizers in Mexico based on publications of national and foreign scientific journals during the 2015-2020 period. Our study consisted on the interpretation of research articles (in English and Spanish) published in the following scientific databases: Ebsco, Elsevier, Springer, Scielo, Wiley and Redalyc, for the analysis of bibliometric indicators. Productivity was determined by year, authors, journals, institutions, and collaborations between countries and Mexican states, on issues related to the use of microorganisms by agricultural crop, biofertilizer brands, and econometric variables and indicators. Within the evaluated period, a total of 115 research articles were published, with an annual average of 19 research articles. The most productive year was 2020, with 40 research articles. The authors with the greatest leadership in publications were Arturo Díaz Franco Santacruz and Cid Aguilar Carpio. The scientific journals that published the greatest number of these research articles were Terra Latinoamericana and Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas. The main Mexican institutions performing the research were the National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP) and the Postgraduate College. The United States of America is the country that collaborated the most with Mexican states (five states). Research in corn, varieties of chili, tomato, wheat and sorghum prevailed, being present in more than six research articles. Out of 33 brands of biofertilizers analyzed during the period, Micorriza INIFAP® was applied in more than 27% of the crops that used commercial biofertilizers. The most used microorganisms belonged to the genera Glomus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Azospirillum sp. Most of the research papers on biofertilizers are developed in the areas of agronomy, biology and environmental sciences, specifically in studies treating certain agricultural crop, while there are only few studies in the area of administration or marketing.

There is an estimated deficit of six million nurses worldwide. Despite its importance for health systems, sociodemographic studies are scarce due to the absence of systematized data specific to nurses. The objective of this study was to compare the population coverage of nurses in Brazil based on sources from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), in the years 2010 and 2015, and the Federal Nursing Council (Cofen), in the years 2013 and 2019. In both sources, there was an average increase of 164 thousand nurses throughout Brazil. The growth rate for the period of the IBGE surveys (15.7% per year) was triple that recorded in the Cofen data (5.3% per year). Coverage in the states of Brazil remains below the international recommendation (40 nurses per 10 thousand inhabitants), with greater deficits in the states of the North and Northeast regions. The comparisons in this study reiterate the importance of the availability of standardized and systematized data for Nursing in Brazil. Accurate health indicators subsidize public policies to reduce health inequities, with emphasis on the coverage of nurses, especially in regions with high socioeconomic vulnerabilities.

Background: Entomopathogenic fungi (EF) play a key role in the regulation of arthropod populations and biotransformation in natural systems, as well as biological pest control agents in different agroecosystems, including avocado cultivation (Persea americana Mill.), where Mexico is a leader in production and export worldwide. Objective: Determine the presence of EF in soil in commercial avocado orchards in the state of Colima, Mexico. Methodology: Sampling was carried out in three avocado orchards (Piedra rajada, El Guardián, and Montitlán) located in Comala and Cuauhtémoc in the state of Colima, Mexico, from July 2016 to June 2017. Soil samples were collected around avocado trees. Isolation of entomopathogenic fungi was performed using the Galleria mellonella Linnaeus insect trap technique. The isolates were identified considering their micro- and macroscopic characteristics with the taxonomic keys of Humber (2012). Results: A total of 108 samples were collected, of those, 120 isolates were obtained, of which 112 belong to the genus Metarhizium and eight to Beauveria. Implications: The recovered fungi have a great value for the avocado-growing areas of the state of Colima, either for the conservation of natural enemies of soil pests or for their potential use as an alternative to synthetic insecticides. Conclusion: Knowing the native micro-biota of the soil should be considered within biological pest control strategies, since it allows selecting the best adapted species, and including sustainable alternatives for the environment. 

Background. The cultivation of native cocoa is of economic and social importance for the Amazonas region, which is positioning itself as an exporter of cocoa with sensory attributes of fine aroma. Objective. Determine the sustainability of native cocoa producing farms in the Bagua province, Peru. Methodology. The methodology used to assess sustainability was a "Multi Criteria Analysis". To obtain information from each of the cocoa farms in the Aramango, Copallín, El Parco, Imaza and La Peca districts, a personal survey was conducted with questions related to the three dimensions of sustainability (economic, socio-cultural, ecological). Indicators, sub-indicators and quantifiable variables adapted to cocoa cultivation were used to analyze each dimension and overall sustainability. The indicators were standardized on a scale from 0 to 4 and weighted. It was considered that a farm is sustainable if the general sustainability index is greater than two and none of the three dimensions evaluated is less than two. Results. A general sustainability index was found to be 2.1, Copallín and La Peca were the only economically sustainable ones. The ecological indicator was the one with the greatest contribution (IE=2.4) followed by the social indicator (ISC=2.3) and economic indicator (IK=1.7). 40% of the farms were sustainable in all three dimensions, dimensions, except in Imaza where it was only sustainable in the socio-cultural and ecological dimensions. Implications. The cultivation of native cocoa must increase the general sustainability index, for this, the critical points must be solved at the farm level, the diversification of production and management of vegetation cover and, at the producer level, the marketing channels, housing , access to education, access to health and health coverage. Conclusions. It was determined that the sustainability of the farms varied according to the district of origin; at the level of the general sustainability index Aramango, Copallín, El Parco and La Peca were sustainable. In the socio-cultural and ecological dimensions, all the farms in the studied districts were sustainable.

Background. Floral visitor insects constitute part of the diversity of arthropods associated with flowers of angiosperm plants such as palms of the Arecaceae family, specifically Bactris gasipaes Kunth, known in Panama as pifá. Objective. Identify flower-visiting insects on inflorescences of B. gasipaes in Panama. Methodology. The study was carried out from March to June 2022, where 10 plots of one hectare were selected with at least 10 adult pifá plants, within which two palms were selected to sample an inflorescence in each plant, at six hours after the inflorescence opening. For sampling, a dried bamboo stalk and a transparent plastic bag were used to capture the insects in the inflorescence. The captured insects were preserved in a plastic container with 70% alcohol and were taken to laboratory conditions for their identification and to estimate the capture percentage of the relevant species. Results. The capture of 721,899 insect specimens was reported, of which 99.95% (721,563) of the specimens belonged to seven species of flower-visiting insects and 0.05% (336) corresponded to the phytophagous species known as the pifá fruit weevil Palmelampius heinrichi O´Brien. Implications. This implies the importance of identifying and separating floral-visiting insects from pest insects. Conclusions. The taxonomic groups of floral visitors in pifá constantly captured in the present study represent more than 99.95%, compared to a low percentage (0.05%) of insect pests that corresponded to the pifá fruit weevil, Palmelampius heinrichi.

Background. The red temazate deer (Mazama temama, Artiodactyla: Cervidae) is a deer with ecological, cultural and economic importance, but its density and habitat characteristics in National Parks are unknown. Objective. To estimate the track index as an indirect measure of density and describe the vegetation characteristics of the habitat of M. temama in the town of Zapoapan, Parque Nacional Cañón del Río (PNCRB), Veracruz, Mexico. Methodology. During January to October 2021, eight transects were established to record tracks, phototraps were installed to determine their presence, and Canfield lines were used to describe the vegetation in areas with the presence of the species. Results. Twenty-three tracks of M. temama were recorded: nine tracks (39%), six excreta (26%), three foraging tracks (13%), three stalls (13%) and two photocaptures (8%), equivalent to an index tracks of 0.57 individuals/ha or 2.2 ha/individual, low density compared to other reports of the species. The habitat presented a richness of 19 species of plants, the shrubs being more abundant (36%) than the herbaceous and arboreal (represented by 32% each); the tree layer was dominant in terms of height and diameter. Implications. These results suggest that the habitat does not have sufficient diversity of resources to maintain a dense population of M. temama. Conclusion. The population density of M. temama in the PNCRB was low associated with a restricted carrying capacity in the study area, so actions must be taken towards the conservation and sustainable use of the population of this species.