Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Background: The change in the coverage of the Cloud Forest (CF) generates edges and fragments of original vegetation that can affect the bat community and the diversity of dispersed seeds. Objective: The objective was to describe the diversity of frugivorous bats and the seeds that they consume in different types of edges in the BMM, in Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico. Methodology: Sampling with nets every 28 days for the capture and identification of bats was carried out in seven months, their feces were collected and the contained seeds were germinated to estimate a germination rate and for their taxonomic identification. The bat community and the seeds consumed were evaluated with true diversity indicators; the disperser importance index (IID) was estimated with the percentage of seeds dispersed by bat species. Results: 503 individuals of 14 species of frugivorous bats were captured in the four borders of the BMM, but the highest presence (13 spp.) and abundance (60%) of frugivorous-polynectarivorous bats was recorded in the border of the BMM with Grassland, where Anoura geoffroyi, Sturnira ludovici and S. lilium had the highest abundance, but only three species of bats are dispersal agents. A total of 69 bat droppings with 1380 seeds belonging to four botanical families were collected, with Rubiaceae and Solanaceae having the highest frequency of seeds consumed, and Piperaceae and Solanaceae with the greatest diversity of seeds. The highest quantity (65%) and diversity of seeds (10 spp.) were recorded on the BMM-Grassland border, with Borreria laevis seeds being the most consumed (30%). Implications: This study allows us to understand the ecological importance of biotic interactions between bats and plants in BMM borders. Conclusions: The edges of heterogeneous BMM conglomerate greater diversity and abundance of bats.

Background. Maintenance pruning is an essential activity in cacao in order to maintain height, avoid intersections of branches between trees, and generate new foliar shoots. Usually, fertilization is applied at the same time as pruning, but there are little information when it should be applied to synchronize with the metabolic events triggered when pruning. The application of N, its effectiveness and the effect of different doses is very important, but there is very little known. Objective. To evaluate the effect of the fertilization of two doses of N (50 and 110 g per tree) before, during and after pruning on flushing, number of cherelles (pods smaller than 5 cm in length) and pods, fresh weight and numbers of almonds in trees which are 8 years old. Methodology. a split-plot design was established. Main plot was assigned to pruning (pruning and without pruning) and sub plots the doses of nitrogen fertilization and the time of application factor. One week after fertilization, the number of flushing emissions, cherelles and number of pods in different stages were counted weekly in 4 trees per treatment until week 20. Mature pods also were harvested and the number of almonds and fresh weight were counted. Results. Pruning affected the flushing, shortening the periods between maximum emissions. The application of N in doses of 110 g/tree one week after pruning leads to a higher and significant number of flushing number of cherelles and number of pods. Implications Pruning does not influence the production parameters, but the greater availability of N given in the higher applied dose leads to a greater number of pods and fresh weight. The greater availability of N after pruning leads to a more efficient use for the formation of new pods. greater number of almonds and greater fresh weight. Conclusion. These results show that nitrogen fertilization carried out after pruning is a feasible strategy to achieve a number of flushing, pods and production.

Background: The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the main pests of maize in Mexico. Its control and management have been performed mainly with pesticides. One of the alternatives is to incorporate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) because of the benefits they provide to plants improving their growth and promoting their defense system against this pest. Objective: Evaluate the effect of AMF in creole maize growth in reducing leaf damage and development of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. Methodology: In greenhouse conditions, creole maize plants were inoculated with 80 spores of Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices and without AMF. Height and stem diameter were determined in mycorrhized plants at 15, 30, and 45 days after plant inoculation. After 45 days, plants were infested with three third-instar larvae of S. frugiperda and left to feed for 12 days; fresh weight and cephalic capsule width and size were measured. Once larvae were removed, leaf damage was determined in plants by means of a visual scale, leaf area and mycorrhizal colonization. Results: Root colonization of maize plants by AMF had a significant effect (Tukey’s p ≤ 0.05) in creole maize growth expressed in plant height at 30 days and at 45 days in stem diameter only in plants inoculated with F. mosseae (Tukey’s p ≤ 0.05). Leaf damage by the fall armyworm was similar between inoculated and uninoculated with AMF. Larvae that consumed plant leaves inoculated with R. intraradices showed greater fresh weight compared to those inoculated with F. mosseae. Moreover, width of the cephalic capsule and size were similar between larvae fed with plants inoculated with and without AMF. Implications: The results provide new perspectives and considerations to incorporate AMF in management of fall armyworm in creole maize. Conclusion: These results show that AMF partially promote plant growth of creole maize; leaf damage is similar between plants with and without AMF. Insect weight increased depending on AMF species, which influenced their development.

The Bluefields Indian and Caribbean University is a more than thirty year old university in the city of Bluefields, which has been constructing buildings along its main campus, but in a disorderly manner and without following a defined planning. The objective of this research is to give a schematic proposal of infrastructure to the university, recommending how it should be organized in terms of areas and directions. During the research, the academic and administrative authorities of the university were interviewed, and a physical survey of the existing buildings of the headquarters was carried out in order to prepare architectural floor plans. The growth of students, teachers and workers that the university would have in the next 30 years was determined. It was determined that the university currently has four faculties divided into 13 schools offering 26 professional careers. The campus has an area occupied in infrastructure of 53% of the land; it also has approximately 112 administrative workers, 50 people in academic areas, 235 hourly teachers and 1556 students. A growth rate of 2.33% was determined and used to establish the growth of the areas and management of the university. The division into 7 zones was proposed: rectory, administration, academic, student welfare, research with technological support, sports and experimental farm. Requiring a space of 9.15 hectares in the first six and 35 hectares in the last one.

The fundamental challenge that Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have is to develop soft skills in an integral way to achieve professional success in graduates of Business Administration and Marketing and Advertising careers. Transformations in organizations demand training where it is detected that employees have skills such as critical and analytical thinking, teamwork, empathy, and decision-making to provide solutions. The objective of this study has been to identify the soft skills in greatest demand in Business Administration and Marketing and Advertising careers. To carry out the study, a questionnaire was administered to different companies and the results were analyzed considering the levels of measurement of the variables, the proposed hypothesis, through statistical tests, to visualize the generalization of the results. Likewise, the research design was carried out with a cross-section, since the study variables were not manipulated. The results of this research indicate that there is no significant difference between the level of soft skills required by companies and the level demonstrated by graduates. With the results obtained, it is expected to raise awareness among the authorities of the HEIs to change and evolve from the traditional way to a new role where the training of competencies is more active and dynamic, and that allows graduates to perform their work more successfully in the organization.

The progress shown in Virtual Distance Education in CNU Institutions of Higher Education demands competencies in teachers for educational innovation in this modality. For this reason, the objective of this work was to make a diagnosis of findings that justify continuous training for the strengthening of competencies for virtual educational innovation. This, with the intention of documenting the continuing education requirements of teachers to justify the relevance of a virtual Master's program in Educational Innovation in the UALN-CNU Program. In this diagnosis, a virtual diagnostic evaluation form was applied to a sample of 633 teachers, using the Google Forms tool. The results of the diagnosis showed general information about the teachers, aged between 35 and 40 years old, with undergraduate and graduate degrees; most of them have computer equipment, mainly laptops; Internet connection; they participate in research and publications, in research groups; they are interested in pursuing graduate studies, since it is the modality and methodology that best suits them. It is concluded that there are teachers who are interested in carrying out studies in the virtual modality and that they fulfill the basic requirements to start a virtual master's degree program, likewise, they demand to carry out research in the topics of learning strategies of Virtual Distance Education, pedagogical mediation in Virtual Learning Environments, production of digital educational resources, innovation in distance education and quality evaluation.

Internationalization is a macro-process that UNAN-Managua, from its mission and vision, has declared in institutional policies and strategies, this has allowed incorporating the international and global dimension at the level of strategic, key and support processes. In correspondence with this guideline, as of 2021, the University joins the Latin American Academic Exchange Program (PILA), as a favorable space to promote the internationalization of higher education and the strengthening of cooperation with foreign educational institutions. A systematization of the experience of UNAN-Managua in this program is presented, for which a qualitative methodology was applied, through documentary analysis, interviews and questionnaire applied to students who have participated in this academic mobility. It is concluded that the PILA program makes important contributions to the development of knowledge in the professional development of students, strengthens institutional identity and promotes the development of intercultural competencies. Important challenges are posed to the institution, among them: training students from an intercultural perspective, taking advantage of the opportunities offered by the PILA program for internationalization at home and internationalization of the curriculum, consolidation of the process of articulation between the different administrative, academic and management units, and signing cooperation alliances, in order to incorporate an international vision in the university's educational practices.

The sustainability of the productive systems in the agricultural farms of the Nazaret I community was studied, with the MESMIS methodology that allowed the comparison of the functioning of the different components of the productive systems in the social, economic and agroecological fields, characterizing them in three categories A. , B and C. The research has a qualitative approach, as it was developed under a model of sustainability indicators for agroecological farms. From the dimensions studied, the results show that there is no gender equity, because women are excluded in decision-making; the men consider that they can only handle the production of poultry and the feeding of pigs. The economy is subsistence and its main resource is the soil; They sell by-products such as milk, eggs and meat. The implemented production systems are agricultural and agrosilvopastoral. The agroecological states that occur in these farms are three: low level (La Colina, with little forest area), intermediate level (Caño Limón) and advanced level (El Marañón). The latter is considered a flagship farm, as it can be an example in the implementation of sustainable agroecological practices.

The Bluefields Indian and Caribbean University is a more than thirty year old university in the city of Bluefields, which has been constructing buildings along its main campus, but in a disorderly manner and without following a defined planning. The objective of this research is to give a schematic proposal of infrastructure to the university, recommending how it should be organized in terms of areas and directions. During the research, the academic and administrative authorities of the university were interviewed, and a physical survey of the existing buildings of the headquarters was carried out in order to prepare architectural floor plans. The growth of students, teachers and workers that the university would have in the next 30 years was determined. It was determined that the university currently has four faculties divided into 13 schools offering 26 professional careers. The campus has an area occupied in infrastructure of 53% of the land; it also has approximately 112 administrative workers, 50 people in academic areas, 235 hourly teachers and 1556 students. A growth rate of 2.33% was determined and used to establish the growth of the areas and management of the university. The division into 7 zones was proposed: rectory, administration, academic, student welfare, research with technological support, sports and experimental farm. Requiring a space of 9.15 hectares in the first six and 35 hectares in the last one.

The fundamental challenge that Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have is to develop soft skills in an integral way to achieve professional success in graduates of Business Administration and Marketing and Advertising careers. Transformations in organizations demand training where it is detected that employees have skills such as critical and analytical thinking, teamwork, empathy, and decision-making to provide solutions. The objective of this study has been to identify the soft skills in greatest demand in Business Administration and Marketing and Advertising careers. To carry out the study, a questionnaire was administered to different companies and the results were analyzed considering the levels of measurement of the variables, the proposed hypothesis, through statistical tests, to visualize the generalization of the results. Likewise, the research design was carried out with a cross-section, since the study variables were not manipulated. The results of this research indicate that there is no significant difference between the level of soft skills required by companies and the level demonstrated by graduates. With the results obtained, it is expected to raise awareness among the authorities of the HEIs to change and evolve from the traditional way to a new role where the training of competencies is more active and dynamic, and that allows graduates to perform their work more successfully in the organization.