Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

In ancient Rome the ancestors, as well as keeping alive the memory of the dead among the family, were really impor tant. This was expressed through private religión, on the one hand at the home, where we find the portraits of the ancestors always present in the life of the romans, and on the other in the necropolis turned into true cities where the tombs and the inscriptions that they accompanied them were a form of commemoration to those who remained entombed there. Busy places where you can pay homage with regular offerings to the dead. The deceased became a kind of divinities or family spirits called Manes, who protected their families in Exchange for not falling into oblivion. Thus, cult of the dead was instituted, full of ceremonies, festivals, ritual sacrifices and offerings. With this work we will give an overview of death in ancient Rome based on the cult of the Manes gods, trying to investigate their origin and the importance they had within the Roman world.

   

In April 2022, under a collaboration between the Universität Marburg, the city council of Eslava and the University of Navarra, geophysical survey work was carried out in part of the urban area of the Roman city of Santa Criz de Eslava, one of the most remarkable and monumental Roman cities of Navarra, in the central area of the territory of the ancient Vascones. The campaign, brief in time, has allowed to verify some details of the civic urbanism that are offered and commented in the present work. It includes also a brief presentation of the methodology used in the survey.

The studies on medieval pottery in Navarra have carried out a remarkable development after the second half of the Twentieth century. Nowadays a significant number of surveys enable researchers to thoroughly monitor the evolution of such discipline. Due to this, a critical analysis becomes necessary based on geographic, chronologic and technical criteria in order to stablish a reference framework. On the other hand, it may be convenient to discuss the new methodologies that Will set the path in the decades to come.

Book Review

The aim of this paper is the study of the European payment order process. The European order for payment procedure was the first uniform procedure created by the European legislator. The objective of Regulation (EC) No. 1896/2006, which establishes this process, was to speed up the claim, and therefore, the collection of cross-border credits in principle uncontested by the debtor. That is, credits that the debtor does not discuss but does not pay either. In these almost fourteen years since the European order for payment procedure was applied, it can be noted that it has been a process that has allowed European creditors to collect millions of euros in debts. However, there is still a long way to go before the true potential of this process is achieved, since the involvement of the Member States in the development of this process has been uneven. In this way, throughout the paper we will analyze the origins of the European order for payment process, each of its phases, as the resolutions of the CJEU has been an important way to clarify aspects in which the legislator had left unfinished and we will highlight aspects that should still be modified in subsequent revisions of the Regulation.

Book Review

The objectives of this essay are to address the relationship between public and private enforcement of the rights contained in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in terms of data protection representative actions; to make a general overview of Directive 2020/1828 and to analyze to what extent a systematic interpretation of the various rules of different legal disciplines that may be involved in representative actions is possible and desirable. Furthermore, this paper addresses the question whether the introduction in the GDPR of new heads of international jurisdiction is appropriate and how these relate to the classical heads of jurisdiction of Regulation 1215/2012 that may be applicable in the area of representative actions.  

The right to limit the working day -and, consequently, the right to ensure mínimum times for rest- is considered a basic social principle. Base on this affirmation, the Court of Justice of the European Union has not ceased to dictate assertions that, in light of the judicial quiestions raised, try to settle whether the provisions of the Member States respect this fundamental right of the worker, always from the perspective of ensuring the safety and health. This fundamental objective provokes the inescapable need to contemplate the regulation that is called into question on the right to rest in expansive terms and, for this reason, the Court of Justice of the European Union does not settle for the formal designations that, where appropriate, the contractual parties may to offer. In this way, as it is intended to show in these lines, it is observed how the Court of Luxembourg when in doubt as to whether or not a certain period is part of the working day, relects to verify to what extent the worker remains committed to his employer. The provisions contained in Directive 2003/88/CE also shed light on other relevant issues that are directly related to the worker´s working day, also giving rise to other quiestions that, in relation to breaks and in particular vacations, the Court also contemplates in its pronouncements.

This paper addresses the review of the existing privacy and data protection legal frameworks in the United States, both at the federal and state levels. They constitute an intricate regulatory puzzle that has been heavily criticized for its lack of effectiveness, obsolescence, and poor regulatory technique. The States, for their part, have begun to enact their respective privacy and data protection laws, which create different obligations for companies without consistently ensuring that individuals receive adequate protection. This situation is expected to be corrected by means of a forthcoming federal law on the subject: the American Data Privacy and Protection Act (ADPPA), the outlines of which are set out in the paper.