Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

In the last decade, food and territorial planning has been proposed in European, North American and Latin American cities as a useful tool to promote the health and food and nutritional security of citizens, foster the sustainability of the metropolitan agroecosystem and regenerate resilient and healthy links between the city and nearby agricultural and rural territories in the face of various global and local scale phenomena.

The public space is the ideal scenario to analyze and evaluate the correlation between behavior and morphological conditioning factors in the urban structure. This relationship between the behavior of inhabitants and the spatial configuration is experienced as a social result. From this perspective, the success of urban design is perceived from the capacity it has to reconcile spatial conditions with the alternatives it allows for collective relations, from a close and bidirectional relationship. According to urban studies on morphological approaches, from the second half of the twentieth century two formal configurations are recognized: first, one identified as the traditional city layout, understanding cities as interconnected structures of buildings, with the gaps between them forming the blocks; second, the so-called functionalist, whose configuration of buildings includes a free and isolated arrangement in space, generating undefined layouts (Carmona, 2010, p. 77). This research presents a comparative analysis study for public spaces, which combines studies related to the city’s type-morphology and crucial treatises on behavior in public spaces. Spatial and behavioral patterns are evaluated in two areas in the city of Quito, Ecuador: on one hand, a square in the Historic Center with a traditional layout: Plaza "La Merced"; and on the other, an urban space with a functionalist layout: Plaza "La República". The study focuses on the generation of diagnostic information that comes directly from the observation of social behavior and the analysis of the morphological elements of the studied space. Finally, this study contrasts the review of specific spatial conditions of a place with the behavioral dynamics of its inhabitants.

Los barrios de vivienda masiva desarrollados en la segunda mitad del siglo XX constituyen una parte importante del parque de viviendas sociales y asequibles del sur de Europa, pero sufren problemas sociales y degradación física. Centrado en un estudio de caso de transformación arquetípica de una urbanización en Barcelona (Canyelles), este artículo pretende identificar las condiciones necesarias para reducir las desigualdades sociales en este tipo de barrios, además de la implementación de programas de rehabilitación urbana. La metodología mixta aplicada consistió en una combinación de entrevistas semiestructuradas con los principales actores involucrados, un grupo focal con la junta de vecinos y un análisis estadístico multivariante de indicadores sociales a escala fina intraurbana. A partir de estos métodos, analizamos los proyectos de transformación urbana, así como sus consecuencias sociales, que se pueden observar en la evolución de la composición social del barrio. Por lo tanto, observamos una mejora significativa en la calidad de vida de los vecinos como resultado de programas, tanto de rehabilitación de viviendas como de renovación de espacios públicos. Finalmente, estos cambios están contribuyendo a aumentar la integración social, así como también a iniciar un proceso de gentrificación.

By using a historical and anthropological methodology, this paper describes and analyzes the urban case study of Tocopilla, Chile, a city that, as a result of the industrialization of the Chuquicamata mine in 1915 by The Chile Exploration Company, saw the installation of a powerful thermoelectric power plant that included a Company town, which operated under the same rules as the Chuquicamata camp. The thermoelectric plant, nationalized in 1971, remained under the management of CODELCO, before being privatized in 1996. Thus, the new company dissociated itself from the paternalistic control of workers and their housing, permitting the emergence of a process that brought an end to the Company town. This paper looks to characterize the organizational, material, and semantic transition seen in the settlement since 1996, understood as a process that took place under a neoliberal setting, which the authors have called the transition from a political to an im-political community.

Background. Corn cultivation – one of the main crops in the world – is important in Ecuador for human and animal nutrition, but one of the main limitations in production is the damage caused by the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Objective. Therefore, the objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness over time of three bio-insecticides on pest incidence in maize hybrid INIAP H601 in Mocache, Los Ríos, Ecuador in the dry season. Methodology. A completely randomized design was used with five treatments and four replicates: (1) Natural neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract in doses of 1.88 L; (2) Bassigeos (Beauveria bassiana) in doses of 5 L; (3) Neem + B. bassiana mix in doses of 7 L; (4) Chemical bait in doses of 80 kg.ha-1; and (5) Control group without application, processed by a linear model of repeated measures.  Results. A significant variation was observed in the treatments due to the influence of time. Implications. Corn agricultural production has a long tradition and importance in Ecuador, especially in the Province of Los Ríos where productions are affected by S. frugiperda whose major control is by using polluting chemical products.  Conclusions. Because the effect of the applied bio-insecticide treatments changes overtime, pest incidence is modified through a linear model of repeated measures. The lowest incidence percentages are achieved with the use of B. bassiana (Bb), A. indica (neem) and Bb + Neem mix after day 15, whereas the chemical control group achieves it throughout the evaluated time interval.

Background. The Conventional use of henequen (Agave fourcroydes), has mainly focused on the use of the leaves for the production of fiber. However, there are other components such as the stem (“pineapple”), the spines, and the by-product of fiber generation (leaf juice) in which we should pay attention to. Objective. To provide a systematic analysis of the biotechnological overview from those investigations where the potential of each of the structural components of A. fourcroydes is being studied. Methodology. A systematic review of the literature was carried out, based on the PRISMA protocol (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses), search for information was carried out in the most prominent databases (Redalyc, SciELO, Scopus, Elsevier, EBSCO, and Google Academic, using A. fourcroydes as the main keyword, using inclusion and later exclusion criteria according to the literature found, in the period from 1990 to 2022, which allowed a broader perspective on this crop and its biotechnological importance. Main findings. In the bibliographic review more information was found on the applications of the plant in an integral way, so that bioactive compounds such as fructans, flavonoids, and sterols can be obtained from the henequen stem, which can be incorporated into animal and human diets, while ethanol has been obtained from the juice of the leaves and the development of that of new materials using the fiber in a native and modified way to obtain fiber-reinforced mortars for its sustainable application in the construction industry. On the other hand, contributions were found on promising alternatives for the use of crops such as modified fibers, and combined with other compounds (composites) for the mechanical reinforcement of new materials. Implications. The literature consulted allows us to report that henequen (A. fourcroydes) is not only cultivated in the Yucatan Peninsula, but also in other regions such as the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, where its use and commercial exploitation has not well documented. Conclusion. The bibliographical review allows us to deduce that the obtaining of new henequen compounds would revalue their integral use and use in different industries.

Antecedentes: La evaluación instrumental de las características de la canal, calidad de la carne y rendimiento productivo de los ovinos requiere equipos especializados, por lo tanto, es necesario contar con recursos tecnológicos y económicos que resultan, muchas veces costosos en la cadena de valor de producción de carne ovina. La predicción de las características de la canal ovina, a partir de modelos matemáticos, es un método económico, confiable y reproducible. Objetivo: Ajustar, mediante dos métodos de estimación, ecuaciones de predicción de variables postmortem, a través de variables productivas antemortem de corderos faenados en el valle de Toluca, Estado de México. Metodología: Se utilizaron 175 registros de ovinos (n= 575 corderos) en finalización, faenados por productores de barbacoa del municipio de Capulhuac, Estado de México. Se utilizaron 8 variables antemortem, para determinar ecuaciones de predicción de 18 variables relacionadas con rendimiento, morfometría, conformación muscular y grado de engrasamiento de canales de ovinos. Las canales fueron clasificadas de acuerdo a sus similitudes y se agruparon por componentes principales (CP), y se realizaron análisis de regresión lineal múltiple (RLM) sobre variables originales y cargas factoriales del análisis factorial con método de extracción de componentes principales (RCP). Resultados: Las ecuaciones ajustadas con RLM mostraron R2 ≥ 0.42 para PCC (peso de canal caliente), PCF (peso de canal fría), PP (perímetro de pierna), AG (ancho de grupa), PT (profundidad de tórax) e IC (índice de compacidad). Los supuestos de RLM fueron verificados y los estadísticos Tol, VIF, DFBETAS y DFFITS evidenciaron multicolinealidad entre variables. Para el análisis de regresión de componentes principales (RCP) se obtuvieron tres CP, que explicaron 82.78% de la σ2 (varianza), y el ajuste de RLM sobre las cargas factoriales obtuvo ecuaciones para PCC, PCF, PP, PT e IC con R2 ≥ 0.37 y hasta 0.73. Se destaca la importancia de la ecuación ajustada para PCF por su relación con el precio de la canal y por su peso como variable predictora de cortes primarios y comerciales. Implicaciones: Resulta útil y necesario que, el ajuste de ecuaciones de predicción para variables de rendimiento productivo en la ciencia animal sea acompañando de los resultados de las respectivas pruebas de los supuestos del modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Nuestros hallazgos, apoyan la idea de examinar exhaustivamente el ajuste de las ecuaciones de predicción a fin de estimar ecuaciones con menor sesgo y mayor confiabilidad. Conclusiones: La regresión lineal múltiple sobre variables originales y vectores de los componentes principales determinó ecuaciones de predicción con distinto grado de ajuste para variables de rendimiento (PCC, PCF e IC) y calidad de la canal (PP, AG y PT). En las ecuaciones ajustadas sobre variables originales, las betas con mayor poder de predicción fueron para PS, Pvini y Pvfin. Mientras que, para el ajuste de ecuaciones de predicción con cargas factoriales de los CP, las betas con mayor poder de predicción fueron para CP1 y CP2, caracterizados por tener mayores cargas factoriales. Los valores de multicolinealidad, autocorrelación, sesgo, coeficiente de determinación y varianza explicada, demuestran que la aplicación práctica de estas ecuaciones de predicción permite una aproximación real a la estimación de las variables postmortem, sin embargo, estos valores deben tomarse considerando su fiabilidad.

A methodology of sustainability indicators in aquifers is proposed, which describes quantitative and qualitative changes in the system. There is no other methodology proposed in the consulted bibliography to evaluate the sustainability of aquifers with all the indicators proposed here and with this weighting by scenarios, the main contribution of this work, which shows the sustainability evaluation for any aquifer in the country. The proposed indicators are 1) groundwater contribution to the base flow of surface streams; 2) water supply; 3) discharge/recharge; 4) groundwater contamination risk; 5) groundwater dependence; 6) groundwater quality; 7) cities growth; 8) aquifer vulnerability; 9) saline intrusion and salinization, and 10) investment in water infrastructure. It is feasible to evaluate aquifer sustainability with an empirical, systematical, and simple indicator methodology in which values are assigned to the variables involved. Weights were assigned by authors to the indicator, according to its relevance to aquifer sustainability. Scenarios with numerical value are proposed for each indicator, which show the condition of the aquifer. A final score of the sustainability index relates all the indicators. This index was classified into four categories: sustainable, moderately sustainable, lowly sustainability, and unsustainable. The evaluation was carried out at the national level (653 aquifers); the results show seven sustainable aquifers, 623 moderately sustainable, 23 of lowly sustainability and non unsustainable. Greater emphasis should be placed on sites with an unsustainable index, analyzing the indicators that confer this category to improve their condition.

Considering the insertion of Physical Education Professionals as a workforce in the Unified Health System, this study aimed to analyze the types of ties and the workload of these professionals in the different levels of health care and regions of Brazil between 2007 and 2021. This is a descriptive study of quantitative approach based on research in the National Register of Health Facilities. It was demonstrated that primary health care is the main level of action, followed by secondary and tertiary care. In primary care, the number of registrations of Physical Education Professionals with precarious employment is higher than those with protected employment, but the reverse occurs in secondary and tertiary care. In the South and Southeast regions, a greater number of records of these professionals with a protected work relationship was revealed, and in the other regions the precarious work relationship prevailed. It was identified that 44.7% of the registrations of Physical Education Professionals have workload greater than or equal to 40 hours per week. In conclusion, attention to health can be impaired by the type of the professional’s work relationship by causing turnover and difficulty in the continuity of care.

The objective of this conjuncture note is to analyze the development of the Programs Mais Médicos and Médicos pelo Brasil in remote and rural Amazonian areas, pointing out challenges and disputes arising from local implementations. A bibliographical and observational survey was carried out on these programs in the Legal Amazon and the medical provision in the Brazilian Primary Health Care between 2013 and 2022. Literature with positive trends on the work process was identified, as well as primary care indicators with the implementation of Mais Médicos in these localities, but were drastically affected after the rupture of Brazil-Cuba cooperation in 2018. Alternatives such as hiring Brazilian physicians graduates abroad by the Mais Médicos and the promise of career of doctors in Brazil were not enough to ensure reasonable coverage of local teams. Progressive emptying is noticed in Mais Médicos in the region, without the equivalent replacement of Médicos pelo Brasil. Lack of studies is recognized on the Mais Médicos in the Amazon, especially after 2018, as well as data on the initial developments of Médicos pelo Brasil. Filling gaps and overcoming setbacks are necessary in the local medical provision, at risk of perpetuating serious inequalities in the health field.