Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Peru 2017 - 2018 explained that Peru ranks 1st in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 5th in the Entrepreneurship Index. The presence of women entrepreneurs by opportunity is 0.92 for each man, which is why they joined the economy of the country and are generating jobs directly and indirectly. The objective of the study was to analyse female entrepreneurship and identify the characteristics, reasons for success, limitations, involved, and consequences. The study was developed under the interpretive paradigm, qualitative approach, analytical, synthetic, and inductive method. The study category was broken down into five subcategories, and each indicator was coded, then the interview information was triangulated with the support of Atlas.ti 8 software. The main characteristic of women entrepreneurs is perseverance and they are always attentive to opportunities from the market. A limitation is an access to financing for the initial capital, as well as the procedures, are bureaucratic. Despite the demanding nature of the business, women do not neglect their tasks as mothers. The family supports the growth and development of the economic activity, which translates into economic profitability and personal wealth, which allows the entrepreneurial economic independence and social status.

Risk and profitability are two interdependent aspects in business activity: a certain level of risk must be assumed to achieve greater profitability. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is one of the most widely used models in practice to determine the required return on an investment in a financial asset based on the risk assumed. There are various models and statistical tools that seek to predict financial risk. In the present research work, the market risk and expected minimum return in the chemical substance and product manufacturing sector (CIIU C20) were determined through accounting information. The data was obtained from the Superintendency, Securities and Insurance and corresponded to the period 2011-2020, and the results were analyzed in periods of 5 years, in order to know the variations that occur between the different periods. For the analysis of this sector 3.756 observations (376 companies per year on average) were considered in the period. In addition, a total of 513.895 observations were considered as a market. In the CAPM, the passive rate of the Central Bank of Ecuador was considered as the risk-free rate. In addition, for market performance, an adjusted ROE was calculated for all companies in the corporate sector in Ecuador. The unlevered and levered Beta coefficient obtained in the 5 periods analyzed is greater than 1, that is, it is considered a risky sector. The minimum expected yield of the sector fell from 12,15% in the 2011-2015 period to 4,98% in the 2016-2020 period. The results indicate that the results indicate that chemical substance and product manufacturing sector has a better performance than the market as a whole, since it has a higher performance than required. Considering the high level of uncertainty that currently exists, determining market risk is an important tool to support entrepreneurs and other stakeholders in making decisions. 

Accelerated global development demands an evolving society that expands at the same or greater pace. For this reason, economic and financial aspects need a detailed study, and with this, the correct administration of money that derives to the economic welfare of the populations is guaranteed. Under this premise, this research aims to determine the impact of financial education on credit decision making in the study group, which are the members of the Fundación de Desarrollo Comunitario sin Fronteras, DECOF, who have credit operations in force as of 2021. Financial education, level of indebtedness, management of personal finances and delinquency are the variables selected for the study, and are based on Pearson's Chi-square correlation analysis supported by Cramer's V coefficient, in order to demonstrate the associativity of the variables and degree of correlation. The information was collected through the application of a survey to a total of 230 members, which was the estimated sample.  The main findings show a strong incidence among the selected variables. Likewise, it was deduced that financial education and the level of indebtedness have a moderate correlation; however, the correlation between financial education and delinquency was very weak. Finally, it is added that 3 of the 4 correlations had sufficient statistical significance to deduce that there is associativity between the pairs of correlated variables according to Pearson's Chi-square test.

Agrotourism has proven in recent years to be a key activity in rural areas versus the decline of the traditional agricultural industry, both in developed and emerging countries. The contribution of this activity is important because it helps to counteract socioeconomic processes such as unemployment and strengthens the entrepreneurial spirit in rural areas; however, in times of pandemic, its impact is unknown. The objective of the research was to conduct an analysis of agrotourism and the spirit of entrepreneurship during the COVID-19 pandemic season, at the “Ruta del Arroz” (Rice Route) in the province of Guayas, in order to know the impact on the behavior of the agritourism sector. The study is qualitative, for which interviews were conducted with tourism technicians of the Decentralized Autonomous Governments and owners of companies in the tourism and agri-food sector. The results obtained indicate that at least 73% of those interviewed have a low or very low perception in four indicators of entrepreneurship. As a contribution to the study, factors that stimulate entrepreneurship were obtained and, also limiting factors faced by industry actors in the study area were determined. As a conclusion, technical, economic, political, and social support by tourism managers based on their competencies is urgently needed to create environments that strengthen the entrepreneurial spirit in the Ruta del Arroz.

The objective is to analyze the scientific literature on the managerial skills used in the field of tourism, to identify the main theories used on the subject, the methodologies applied, the skills required and the application contexts in which they have been used. The research was conducted through a systematic literature review of scientific articles published between 1980 and 2021 in the Web of Science database. The analysis of the review was done based on the criteria of the PRISMA statement in four stages: identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. In the bibliometric analysis, we identified the collaboration networks among researchers, the most used terms, and the leading countries in the generation of knowledge on the topic under study. The content analysis provided information on the authors, methods, concepts, context of application and theoretical framework supporting managerial skills. The review indicates that the main theories used are the theory of human capital; the theory of resources and capabilities; human talent management; and the theory of competitive advantage. The methodologies applied are: 80% quantitative studies; 13% qualitative studies and 7% mixed studies. The skills required can be grouped into management skills, business skills and interpersonal skills. Finally, the contexts in which the study of managerial skills is addressed is the business sector of various service companies such as tourism, sports, education, insurance, pharmaceuticals, both public and private.

This study developed a proposal for the application of field work as a teaching strategy associated with naturalistic intelligence to strengthen the academic performance of eighth grade students in a science class at Institución Educativa María Inmaculada - Colombia. To attain this, a descriptive qualitative research was carried out, where a semi-structured interview was applied to four science teachers as well as an observation guide, and a field diary to seven eighth grade students of the school. The information obtained was analyzed using the Atlas.Ti V.8.4.25 software. taking into account the teachers' conceptions regarding teaching strategies, data related to the attitude of students and how they achieved learning during the development of the fieldwork guide. Thus, it was concluded that the application of field work associated with naturalistic intelligence promotes the use of skills such as observation, identification, classification and understanding, facilitating learning and improving academic performance. Therefore, the involvement of naturalistic intelligence is recommended in the planning of teaching strategies for the construction of knowledge in the science class.

This study is a bibliometric review of consumer behavior, which arose from the lack of an updated bibliographic exploration on this subject. Currently, the interest in this information is evident, which shows the growth trend and the opportunity for a new knowledge management. Therefore, this research was carried out, which included an exhaustive review of the international and multidisciplinary database Scopus (Elsevier) between 2011 and 2021, which analyzed the most relevant and important topics, the most cited authors and the most used theories. This bibliographic compilation considered the term "consumer behavior" for an unrestricted search, which obtained 45 results; and then the term “consumer behavior” was used to carry out another inquiry, including all the documents contained in Scopus, regardless of the time or subject area, which obtained a total of 82,745 results. Finally, a filter was performed by article title and by temporality (2011 – 2021) to optimize the results, where 1258 documents were found, which were exported in CSV format for further statistical processing. This analysis aims to facilitate and contribute to future research, and also seeks to generate new thematic opportunities for diverse areas of bibliometric research in marketing.

Various studies suggest that children's vocabulary level is a fundamental factor for their school success. However, its development is marked from childhood by situations of social inequality, which leads some children to develop a rich and sophisticated vocabulary; and for others to develop a limited vocabulary. The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence of social differences – related to the level of education of the mother and the type of school – in the development of the vocabulary of children from Cuenca. At the beginning of the school year, a total of 116 high school children from urban public, rural public and private instruction received a test that evaluated the depth of their vocabulary. The information on the level of education of the mother was obtained from the socioeconomic cards that rest in the educational institutions. The results showed that there are large inter-individual differences in children's vocabulary and that both the level of education of the mother and the type of school the children attend have a significant influence on the development of their vocabulary. From an educational point of view, the findings of this study point to the need to develop educational interventions aimed at stimulating the vocabulary of young children, mainly at home and in their preschool environment.

For small and medium enterprises (SMEs) born in Latin America, internationalization can represent difficulties. In order to create a contribution to the existing literature on the subject and a basis for the generation of new knowledge, a systematic review of these difficulties was carried out. From the databases: Scopus, Scielo, Elsevier and Redalyc, it was possible to obtain 880 results, corresponding to the period between 2000 and 2021, with specific exceptions. These results were filtered to obtain a final list of 67 sources whose content contributed to the understanding of the proposed topic. Thus determining that the main difficulties that these SMEs born in Latin American and Caribbean countries may encounter are; little financing availability; a poorly regulated legal framework and unstable institutions, which creates insecurity for potential investors; insufficient innovation, resistance to transformation and little knowledge about the market; as well as, limited access to duly qualified personnel.

We study whether liquidity risk has an impact on the profitability and risk of stock portfolios in periods of financial turbulence. Based on 30 shares of Chilean companies from the 2018-2020 period, six portfolios made up of 5 company shares were built. The formation was based on actions from different economic sectors. Value at risk (VaR) was estimated with different methodologies. It was verified that the market turbulences affected all the portfolios in a similar way; however, it was observed that liquidity risk increases all potential losses for all periods and all portfolios, reflecting the importance of incorporating liquidity risk in estimating value at risk.