Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

In the context of population aging, this paper aims to characterize, quantify and describe the intra-municipal spatial distribution of households with an elderly population (aged 75+) in the city of Malaga. The use of the Municipal Register of Inhabitants, at the neighborhood level, has allowed us to identify households made up of two older people, and single-person households and carry out a temporal evolution of their number, and distribution in the urban fabric, between 2008 and 2020. The number of both types of households has increased notably in our study period. In contrast, using the Location Quotient, we have identified areas of overrepresentation, that do not coincide exactly with the spatial distribution of the elderly population taken as a whole.

Within the framework of current research on intra-urban accessibility, this study aims to characterize the access of young population to the public transport network for night-time leisure, as well as to identify the inequalities, and potential socio-spatial inequities in the city of Alcobendas (Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain). As to methods, we have resorted, among others, to the General Transit Feed Specification data, which provide innovative analytical opportunities, and to the Geographic Information Systems processing and inferential statistical techniques. The results reveal, with high temporal and spatial accuracy, a broad coverage of this population group, prioritizing the areas with the highest potential demand and the lowest per capita income, although they also uncover some problems in certain night-time periods and areas, particularly in terms of frequency.

The Covid-19 pandemic has transformed the world in general, and tourism in particular, and tourism destinations have made great efforts to integrate risk management. In this new framework, cooperation has proved essential to tackle the virus. Therefore, the main objective of the research is to identify the main measures carried out by and for the tourism sector to address Covid-19 and to check whether they have been elaborated as a possible certification. The research methodology was based, firstly, on a review of the existing literature on the concepts of tourism governance, cooperation and collaboration, tourism policy and standardization. Moreover, the measures carried out at national level for the tourism sector have been selected and analyzed, and the bodies involved in the development of these measures have been analyzed. The result achieved is that the measures carried out at national level for the tourism sector have proven to be effective, as they have resulted in a standard for Spanish tourist destinations, and their implementation is being promoted at international level.

Covid-19 has posed major challenges globally. One of these is undoubtedly the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda.This study aims to analyze, in a time perspective, the effects of the pandemic on the levels of sustainable development achieved in Europe. To measure the impact of Covid-19, 3 different sustainability indices (SIs) will be constructed referring to 2015, 2018 and 2020. To construct these indices, 17 indicators (one per SDG) from Eurostat’s free database will be used. The Adjusted Mazziotta-Pareto Index (AMPI) method will be used to aggregate these indicators. This method relying on a Min-Max transformation allows for an absolute time comparison. In addition, this method allows for high replicability of results. Furthermore, in order to capture the differences between different European specificities, a hierarchical clustering will be performed according to the Ward method. The results confirm the negative effects of Covid-19. In fact, there is a general worsening of sustainable development levels between 2015 and 2020.

International Trade, as part of the global economy, has suffered the consequences of the crisis originated by the pandemic. This paper pretends to analyze the effects on the exports and imports of products and services in Spain. The conclusions show that, the drastic falls in some sectors had a temporary component in most cases (especially sanitary and esential goods), but other industries (like tourism, hospitality and leisure) are still suffering the consequences. Although the trade of goods are going back to normal, touristic services still remain behind. The lack of visitors from other countries has also had an impact on the reduction of foreign capital inflows, which are registered in the Balance of Payments. However, perspectives for the coming months are positive, as most of the restrictions associated to COVID are gradually disappearing and international air traffic is increasing, bringing foreign tourists back to Spain.

The phenomenon of illegal urbanisations continues to be one of the great environmental and territorial challenges to be overcome in Andalusia. In spite of this, the process of fully understanding this phenomenon is significantly hindered by the scarcity of easily accessible sources that allow the scientific community to study and analyse them. This article focuses on highlighting, firstly, the scarcity of existing sources for the study of illegal urbanisations on intermediate scales; and, secondly, when they exist, their limitations to allow a diachronic analysis of the process. In addition, the possibilities offered by other cartographic sources available in the region are explored. The results point to the need for the regional administration to update the inventories in order to know the current situation of the process, as well as the limitations and potential of the Spatial Reference Data for this purpose.

The Ecuadorian economic history has been fundamentally unstable, generating low returns in the commercial and financial area. In this context, the paper examines the background related to the commercial and financial insertion of Ecuadorian economic history, with a qualitative approach and using the historical method. The background analysis shows that the commercial aspect has a high dependence on exports, crediting it to the lack of autonomy generated in the colonial era and the need for a productive matrix with added value. Regarding the financial aspect, indebtedness and public spending have had negative effects on economic development, and to counteract them, economic integration and a change in productive ideology are proposed.

The Mata do Pau-Ferro State Park Conservation Unit (UC) is located in the municipality of Areia, state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. UC does not have a detailed trail system. In light of the above, this article drew up a mapping of the most used trails by tourists who frequent the Park. The methodological procedures consisted of recording the coordinates of the trails using a Global Positioning System – GPS and photographic captures of the main attractions along the paths. Also, using ArcGIS 10.2 software, the environmental variables slope, terrain conditions, vegetation cover and drainage were added to obtain the difficulty classes of the trails, using as references Silva (2016), Silva, Lima & Panchaud (2016) and Silva & Palhares (2020). As a result, 4 trails, 2 integrations and 4 main points that function as tourist attractions were mapped. Regarding the difficulty classes of the trails, 67.41% of the trail system was classified as “easy”, a context that shows the potential to receive a diverse public of visitors.

The study of the bioclimatic limits is essential in each region to know the distribution of the vegetal formations. The objective of the work was to elaborate bioclimatic maps of Argentina in three periods of time (Last Glacial Maximum, current situation and climate change scenario RCP8.5 of 2070) and analyze their changes. For this, the methodology of the types of bioclimatic regimes was applied from continuous climatic databases of WordClim. As a result, a reduction in the surface of the mesocryophilic, hypercryophilic and cryophilic thermal types was observed between the Last Glacial Maximum and the present day and the thermophile appears in the future scenario. This research is a contribution to the understanding of the distribution of vegetation on a national scale and its dynamics.

COVID-19 has been a profound shock to the global economy and, in particular, in the aviation industry, as it is affected by restrictive measures to stop the spread of the virus. Besides describing the impact of the pandemic on the commercial aviation sector globally, this study analyses the air connectivity of Spanish airports in order to understand the changes that have occurred in the country’s airport network because of COVID-19. Through the study of connectivity with a topological connectivity coefficient and its mapping, this analysis looks at the history of the Spanish aviation diachronically (1970 to 2020). There is no doubt that the pandemic is affecting aviation in away never experienced before, both in terms of commercial (frequencies and routes) and health security. Unlike other previous crises (Gulf wars, 9/11 terrorist attacks, 2008 financial crisis), the deep recession caused in the sector has led many experts to describe it as the worst in the entire history of commercial aviation, with noticeable effects on all study metrics. In addition to presenting the impact of the pandemic on the commercial aviation sector on a global scale, based on official data and statistics from the main industry organizations, the main objective of this work is to carry out an analysis of the air connectivity of the Spanish airports to understand and visualize the changes that have occurred in the country's airport network due to the COVID-19 pandemic. To do this, the degree of national structuring between urban systems (national connectivity) and the evolution of the participation of Spanish airports in the global scenario (international connectivity) in 1970, 2015, 2019 and 2020 (first post-pandemic summer) will be analyzed diachronically. , through the study of connectivity with a topological connectivity coefficient. The work closes with the conclusions of the investigation, presenting some of the initiatives undertaken by governments and aeronautical authorities to provide "certainty" in terms of health and safety in the world's airports, in order to rebuild trust in aviation. society in the short, medium and long term.