Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

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This article aims to present a narrative about two significant naval operations that took place in the Brazilian territorial sea between the years 1861 and 1864, carried out in the port of the city of São Luís in the province of Maranhão and in the port of the city of Salvador in the province of Bahia by ships of the Union and Confederate navies, then at war. This research is in the process of being constructed, but it allows us to observe some points beyond the conflicts, including the development of Brazil’s international policy in the face of violations of international neutrality rules; the threat to its sovereignty and the application of its naval power as an intimidating element in clashes between contending states. When the civil war in the United States of America began in 1861, few people could estimate the extent of military operations on land, but much more than that, little could be imagined about the magnitude of the theaters of operations in which the navies of the Confederate states and the Union would face each other off the Atlantic. The extent of these operations and the impact on the construction of Brazil’s international relations in relation to the contenders, is something still relatively unknown and little worked on and discussed from a South American dimension, which in itself already demonstrates great relevance. Based on a recently accessed body of documents, including the reports of presidents of the provinces involved and reports from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Empire, the source repertoire is completed by the roles of the officers of the Confederate and Union Navies. The bibliographical support that, with a set of documents related to the naval war fought at the time, has allowed us to map the actions of the forces involved.

This article focuses on the projects of the Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes of Argentina aimed at promoting the art and architecture of the colonial period and its relationship with the official policies developed since the mid-1930s regarding cultural heritage, tourism and road modernization. Documentos de Arte Argentino collection, the main publishing project of the anba, is related to other graphic resources and to the development of parallel views on national art and architecture, which can be seen in institutional documents and press sources. It is concluded that the anba had a specific role as an organization in charge of the recognition of the colonial artistic repertoire of the Argentine territory and of promoting its transmission in images.

This paper addresses the formation of networks, construction of loyalties and the Porfirian regime during the 1880s through the analysis of the final trajectory of Juan José Baz, who served as a political intermediary. At the same time, there is a revision of the political culture, consisting not only of modern practices, but also of “democratic vices”, among others, the use of paternalism, clientelism and nepotism. The study was based on the analysis of primary sources, such as personal correspondence of Porfirio Díaz, the press and other repositories.

This article examines the zoological practices implemented by eight naturalists associated with the Physical-Geographic Institute and the National Museum of Costa Rica between 1887 to 1896. It seeks to identify these practices, highlightthe participation of local informants, and analyze the integration of Costa Rican scientific work into international academic networks. Five core practices are documented: exploration and specimen collection; obtaining information from popular and academic informants; taxidermy; taxonomic description and classification; and the articulation of global scientific networks. Collections were directed at both national collections and foreign museums, generating a growing dependence on the latter for species identification. Taxonomy, the most prominent activity, demonstrated the preeminent authority of foreign scientific centers, while Costa Rican naturalists assumed a primary role in fieldwork but a secondary role in academic validation. International networks contributed to legitimizing local science, although they reinforced the asymmetry in the production and control of knowledge. Unlike studies focused on institutional history or biographies, this analysis addresses the concrete practices of knowledge production, revealing dynamics of collaboration and hierarchy between local and foreign actors. The research enriches the understanding of nineteenth-century zoological work in Costa Rica, highlighting the role of informants and the tension between in situ exploration and international recognition. The study is based on twelve writings —five catalogues, three monographs and four exploration reports—published in Anales del Museo Nacional de la República de Costa Rica (1887), Anales del Instituto Físico-Geográfico y del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica (1889-1891) and Anales del Instituto Físico-Geográfico Nacional de Costa Rica (1892-1896), complemented by historiographic literature on scence and naturalists in the country.

The conquest of Mexico-Tenochtitlan represents the collapse of a civilization; it is the continuation of the occupation of the new continent, which began with Columbus’s second voyage. It represented the cultural and human encounter between two worlds, where the technological and military superiority of the Hispanics was not the only determining factor, but also the way they perceived each other; where accepting submission was sometimes the way to survive, implying an adaptation to a syncretism in every sense. In this sense, the Antillean Caribbean region is fundamental, as it served as a space for the Spanish empire to consolidate its administrative and domination structures, related to the expansion of the Crown. The conquest of Mexico-Tenochtitlan is the continuation of a process of occupation that Europeans began in 1492 and, expanded into Mesoamerican territory beginning in 1517. The Iberian and Canarian animals that were brought in, primarily the pig, contributed to the development of a food system initially for survival and later for everyday life, which was replicated throughout the continent, becoming a fundamental element in the colonization process. The occupation and founding of the first villages on the island of Cuba are crucial, some of them establishing livestock farms that initiated the process of adaptation, reproduction, and utilization of the pig, used to equip the  explorations and conquest of Mesoamerican territory. The objective of this document is to highlight the uses and contributions of the pig, which was adapted in Cuba and later included in voyages, playing a part in the genesis of the conquest of Mexico-Tenochtitlan. The research presents an approach that combines the analysis of historical sources with archaeological references, aiming to identify the usefulness of pork and its derivatives and to locate potential livestock farms as production centers that supported expansion, ecological adaptation, and the colonial economy.

This article aims to deepen the understanding of the conquest of Tucumán and Paraguay as a result of the interaction of various groups of conquistadors. The approach highlights the importance of the internal structuring of these conquest enterprises, as their success did not rely solely on the qualities of the leader but also on their capacity to legitimately interact with other jurisdictions interested in establishing themselves in Peru and exploiting its resources and energies. The company was a way to organize the conqueror groups contractually; moreover, if their leader managed to secure a designation as “adelantado with the Crown”, their rights were included within a very favorable patrimonial and hereditary regime, and their companions’ rights were protected by the continuity of the enterprise. This is exemplified by the confrontation between the forces of Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera (governorship of Tucumán) and Juan de Garay (governorship of Paraguay and the Río de la Plata) in 1573, which disputed rights over the western bank of the Paraná River (the area of Fort Sancti Spiritu or Puerto de Gaboto). The Paraguayan enterprise de facto and de jure prevailed over that of the Tucumán forces because their governor wasadelantado, ensuring through his rank that both banks of the Paraná-de-la-Plata riverine axis would fall under their jurisdiction. This was the result of the political and economic weight carried by the office of adelantado of Paraguay, whose forces surpassed others that lacked similar backing. The sources used include contractual documents, official decisions, and descriptions of the conquests, interpreted as actions of the conquistador groups, whose financing and participation in various conquest projects conditioned their outcomes.