Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Hackers and their operations have changed geopolitics over the past twenty years and, at the same time, have strengthened their relationship with security. Although these attacks use different infiltration techniques and methods, they all have in common their secret execution which makes it more difficult to detect them. Most of the cases presented by Buchanan in his book "The Hacker and the State Cyber Attacks and the New Normal of Geopolitics"; explain how groups of hackers, mainly from authoritarian States, carry out espionage campaigns, bank fraud, and theft of information to private companies. In this way, the presence of the United States in the network and its continuous investment in the domain of telecommunications are justified. In this new digital sphere, the traditional conception of security is modified. The merely territorial view has been left behind and different needs such as technological protection tools are added into the politics game and analysis.  

For the Social Sciences in general, the notion of governance represents a polysemic and controversial category whose content depends on the used conceptual approach. However, in the field of natural resources, specifically energy, governance is understood as an analytical tool that, by focusing on the decision-making process, makes it possible to examine, through cases, the exercise of State authority, the rules of the game and public-private interactions in the energy sector. This paper analyzes the energy governance process of Argentina during Cristina Fernández (2007-2015) and Mauricio Macri (2015-2019) administrations. Due to their political-ideological differences, ruptures and continuities are traced with a view to addressing the political-economic dimension of energy management as a topic of the public agenda, whose implications are presented both domestically and in foreign policy decisions.

Last January 18th, 2021 the journal The Economist published a short article titled "The new normal is already here. Get used to it." The article started with an interesting phrase: "The era of predictable unpredictability is not going away". This sentence seems like a paradox and is not new per se, it is relevant since we are living in a world that, after two years of the beginning of the pandemic, it faces quick transformations. 

La salud internacional es un campo interdisciplinario de conocimiento, investigación y acción que se ocupa de la salud de las poblaciones más allá de sus fronteras nacionales. América Latina se constituyó como pionera desde el siglo XX, otorgándole al campo un dinamismo inusitado. En tal sentido requiere de un proceso de análisis, reflexión e interpretación desde una perspectiva propia de nuestra región, para dejar de considerarlo mera réplica del desarrollo sanitario europeo. Este artículo tiene el doble objetivo de analizar el devenir histórico del campo de la Salud Internacional y, en segundo lugar, reflexionar en torno a los conceptos de Salud Internacional y de Salud Global, en la nueva geopolítica regional y global. A través de un recorrido histórico que inicia en 1851, este análisis da cuenta de las disputas, tensiones y rivalidades de las que ha sido objeto el campo de la salud internacional y algunos de sus principales organismos, entre ellos la Organización Mundial de la Salud que -con la supremacía del neoliberalismo- pasó a estar supeditada a los intereses mercantilistas de nuevos actores extra sanitarios, como el Banco Mundial, la industria farmacéutica y organismos filantrópicos. En este contexto, el pasaje del campo de la Salud Internacional a la denominación de Salud Global representa -mucho más que un simple giro lingüístico- un giro políticoideológico. En América Latina, en cambio, la influencia de trayectorias críticas de pensamiento latinoamericanas ha actuado en el campo de la Salud Internacional desde una perspectiva basada en los derechos humanos y la soberanía sanitaria regional, a través de una cooperación más horizontal y de políticas emancipadoras. El advenimiento de la pandemia ha demostrado que la salud es un asunto internacional incuestionable, demandando políticas coordinadas e integrales. Sin embargo, sobreviene en un mundo fragmentado por disputas e intereses y, en particular en América Latina -con la disolución de UNASUR- llega en un contexto de reformas salvajes de sus sistemas sanitarios y en un momento de marcada debilidad en algunos de sus procesos de integración. Se impone, en consecuencia, la urgencia de discutir la arquitectura de la salud global y regional, su agenda y de repensar la cooperación internacional como política epidemiológica que permita fectivamente abordar las inequidades globales y dar respuesta a las necesidades urgentes y persistentes de nuestros pueblos.

Migration as a global phenomenon has undergone a series of transformations over time. These changes include the causes of migration, as well as the perceptions generated when addressing it as a contemporary challenge. Regarding the current conception of migration as a risk for today's societies, Lucila Nejamkis, Luisa Conti and Mustafa Aksakal propose to open the discussion on the links between human displacement and what is called crisis in their book  "(Re)pensando el vínculo entre migración y crisis: un análisis crítico desde la interseccionalidad y la estigmatización de las movilizaciones humanas" published in 2021. The book comprises twelve case studies which are distributed in three categories: politics, environment and identities. Thus, the chapters are grouped in such a way as to cover the multiple dimensions of migration while at the same time making visible recurrent problems suffered by migrants and impacting different levels of society.

"Pandemia y crisis. El COVID-19 en América Latina" is a collective work by Latin American authors aiming to analyze the reality lived by the countries facing the pandemic by COVID-19 in the region from a social, economic, and public policy formulation perspective. Then, the diversity of effects on society is studied with an important increase in unemployment and businesses closing due to lockdowns leading to the increase of informal jobs and the socioeconomic effects of it. 

The pandemic that emerged at the beginning of the year 2020 caused uncertainty in countries, governments, societies, and organizations, by placing themin front of unknown and complex scenarios. It is imperative for the discipline of International Relations, closely linked to global political circumstances, to develop analyzes based on the identification of the most relevant facts, the behavior of the actors and their links, as well as the challenges and threats faced by states, regions, and societies, within the International System. Even when the consequences that the different crises -political, social, economic, migratory, and health- may have caused in the dynamics of global relations have not been conclusively determined, as well as the elements that allow determining changes or continuities in the International System, this article aims to provide some preliminary elements to identify some of the actions in which Central America, through the Integration System (SICA), initially faced the health crisis due to COVID 19, which posed different challenges to the member countries and to the functioning of the regional institutions. In conditions as complex as the current ones, it is pertinent to ask whether integration and cooperation turn out to be viable options to solve regional problems. The reflections shared in this article aim to contribute to the debate regarding the opportunities that Central American regional integration offers in the context of pandemics.

 This essay discusses how criminal organizations in South America have reconfigured themselves in the face of the pandemic scenario experienced since late 2019. In particular, it examines how the practices and actions carried out by these associations were carried forward in the pandemic, maintaining or even giving force the influence of crime on the life of South American society. It is argued that in order to understand criminal governance, it is essential to consider the discussion of how the territories in which these organizations operate are not in conflict with the state, but rather there is a hybrid governance in which criminal organizations and the state coexist as two sources of legitimacy. and authority. There is a complementarity of actions, in which criminal organizations were seen during the pandemic occupying state functions in the adoption of protective measures, and provision of assistance, but always with a clear objective of maintaining the status quo of their illicit activities. In the end, it is clear that criminal organizations have consolidated themselves as a governance space recognized as legitimate during the pandemic, complementing and, perhaps even, eclipsing the role of state bureaucracy in the face of the seriousness of the health emergency experienced, especially in the cases of Brazil and Colombia.

SARS-CoV2 and its disease COVID-19 have provoked more than 6 billion infections and nearly 6 million registered deaths since the first diagnosed case in Wuhan, China. It is considered the first pandemic that the modern world has faced that was able to ground all air services and contain all families in their homes. The high contagion capacity of the virus associated with its high lethality in people with risk factors placed the world economy in a close balance between economic aspects and public and individual health. The economic, material, and human losses increased the current social gaps. Then, a reflection of the main events that have occurred from 2019 to date and the impact caused by COVID-19 in the world is presented. The economic recession is considered as part of the results, besides the shipping-container crisis, and the implemented health measures and their effects. The article concludes with four lessons on epidemiological intelligence, resilience, the ability to learn to plan for the future, and the correct risk management.

The book Coronavirus Politics: The comparative Politics and Policy of COVID-19  analyzes how elements of power are directly related to the measures implemented by governments to face the pandemic of COVID-19. And how these elements conditioned the development of the pandemic in different regions worldwide. Then, the book uses individual study cases for the different geographical regions, this allows for contextualized reflections where people living in the studied regions deepen on the reactions of their governments.