Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Las emociones sociales son fundamentales en las relaciones sociales interindividuales específicas a largo plazo. Forman parte de la complejidad interna de una sociedad que deriva de las interacciones entre sus individuos, los patrones de relación entre ellos y sus principios de organización. Los procesos emocionales subyacen a formas complejas de interacciones y relaciones sociales, por lo que deben participar en todos los niveles de complejidad social: interactúan de abajo hacia arriba (bottom-up) y de arriba hacia abajo (top-down). El conjunto de capacidades para autorregular las respuestas emocionales, así como el comportamiento en las interacciones sociales, se conocen como habilidades socioemocionales, fundamentales para el desempeño y el éxito de los individuos. Estas capacidades son relevantes en el contexto educativo de los estudiantes, ya que contribuyen a su desempeño académico y en su aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida. Existen varios enfoques, definiciones e instrumentos para medir y evaluar las competencias socioemocionales. Los objetivos de este artículo son, a partir de la distinción entre habilidades y competencias socioemocionales, revisar cómo el desarrollo socioemocional abarca funciones que integran cognición-emoción, e identificar los diversos enfoques de las competencias socioemocionales, así como la metodología y los instrumentos de medición utilizados en su evaluación.

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (2002) reconoce la práctica de la actividad física como un determinante del envejecimiento activo exitoso, y declara que los adultos mayores físicamente activos presentan una mayor salud funcional y menor riesgo de limitaciones funcionales moderadas o graves. Sin embargo, las estrategias para cambiar los estilos de vida sedentarios por estilos de vida activos son menos evidentes. El presente trabajo evaluó la autoeficacia hacia la actividad física y analizó su relación con los niveles de actividad física y condición física, así como con la independencia funcional y calidad de vida en un grupo de adultos mayores del estado de Yucatán, México. La muestra fue de 55 participantes con deambulación conservada y sin deteriroro cognitivo, a los cuales se les aplicó una batería de cinco pruebas. Como resultado de los análisis, la autoeficacia demostró estar relacionada con los niveles de actividad física y condición física, los cuales predijeron la independencia funcional y calidad de vida. En este sentido, la mejora en la autoeficacia se convierte en una herramienta valiosa y necesaria si se desea fomentar la motivación y la autoconfianza hacia la práctica de actividad física, así como un elemento fundamental para el envejecimiento activo.

El proceso de consolidación de la memoria fue tomado de la psicología para ser estudiado en el campo neurobiológico con la finalidad de dar cuenta de cómo se conserva la información en el cerebro a largo plazo. En principio, este programa de investigación se basó en la idea de que una vez adquirida una memoria, en condiciones normales, se vuelve estable y persistente. Sin embargo, una gran diversidad de estudios ha demostrado que una memoria, a pesar de su temporalidad, sigue siendo sensible a la interferencia. Más aún, la evidencia sugiere que la experiencia en curso reactiva y actualiza a la memoria. Por ello, se propuso un proceso de reconsolidación que parece depender del grado en que la información actual se desvía de lo que predice la memoria reactivada. En ese sentido, en esta revisión, se analizan los enfoques tradicionales sobre la consolidación y reconsolidación de la memoria y se ofrecen algunas ideas más recientes sobre la naturaleza de la transformación de la memoria con base en el procesamiento del error de predicción, en distintos niveles de análisis.

In sport wrestling, tactical preparation is determinant for the achievement of competitive results, however, there are limitations in the recommended procedures for its development in training. The research faces this problem and its objective is to design a methodology for the treatment of the tactical preparation of juvenile wrestlers of Greco-Roman style in Villa Clara based on the demands, contents and tactical means. In the research, the current state of the conceptions used for the treatment of tactical preparation in wrestlers was diagnosed by means of surveys, observations of training sessions and competitions. From this, the elements that support the methodology were determined and its instrumental apparatus was organized based on the tactical demands, the tactical contents and the tactical means. After being evaluated by experts, its application in the juvenile Greco-Roman wrestling team of the Sports Initiation School of Villa Clara is exposed, where the effectiveness of the application of tactical situations is corroborated from the increase of individual tactical performance, causing the increase of sports results.

The third improvement of Higher Education in Cuba, started in the academic year 2016-2017, brought about deep transformations, characterized by uncertainty and the dynamics of change and such situation demands to propitiate a general knowledge of the educational processes and actions. This work aimed to know the opinions of Physical Education teachers of the University "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca" of Pinar del Rio (UPR in Spanish) about the purpose of this discipline and the knowledge they have about its different models. From a qualitative approach, the knowledge of 18 teachers was explored, based on the dialectical-materialistic method. The interview was used as an instrument to collect information. The results allowed to know those variables that determine the purpose of Physical Education, from the model assumed, as well as to glimpse some of the limitations that hinder the integral education of the graduate. It is concluded with some proposals to advance towards a Physical Education that integrates the different models and trends and with future lines of research on the subject.

Introduction: baseball has been constantly under the threat of doping, and currently there are criteria issued by some experts that suggest the possibility that many successes achieved by famous baseball players who nowadays appear as the main big stars of this sport in the ballroom fame, have been related to the consumption of prohibited substances. Objective: the objective of this study was to explore the data published in the specialized world bibliography that reveal how doping, as well as other forms of fraud, have affected baseball in both the major and minor categories. Materials and methods: this bibliographic review work is carried out as a suggestion from baseball fans and the sports press interested in knowing how the problem of doping and the use of prohibited substances has influenced this sport since its origins. Results: Currently, doping control tests are carried out on amateur and professional players in the sport's leagues around the world. The tests, measures and sanctions that are applied conform to the prohibitions and standards issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency and the World Anti-Doping Code. The substances used most frequently have been anabolic steroids, stimulants, Growth Hormone and narcotics. Conclusions: once the competitive stage is over and with the passage to retirement, many baseball players begin to consume tobacco, alcohol and other drugs that significantly affect their health and quality of life.

The analysis of sports technique between different performance levels serves to establish methodological comparisons that contribute to the improvement of specialized motor performance, including eminently technical-tactical sports. In this sense, the objective of the research is to analyze the biomechanical differences between professional and amateur taekwondo athletes in the performance of the Chigo-Chagüi kick with front leg. Two independent groups were studied, 15 Beginner Athletes (DPRI in Spanish) and15 Professional or advanced Athletes (DPRO in Spanish); indicators of Speed, Flexion Angle and Center of Gravity were studied and a comparison was established. An initial angle of DPRO=28.4° and DPRI: 27.34° (p=0.309) and an impact angle of DPRI= 117.93º and DPRO=129.2º (p=0.001) and a final angle of DPRI=31.34º and DPRO=26.34º (p=0.057) were determined, with a kick execution time of DPRO=1312ms and DPRI=1462 ms (p=0.009), a maximum velocity of DPRO=6.86 m/s and DPRI=5.47 m/s (p=0.003) and an average acceleration of DPRO=48.35 m/s2 and DPRI=36.55 m/s2 (p=0.029), being the center of gravity for the impact point in Axis X with no significant differences (p=0.506) and in Axis Y with significant differences between independent groups (p=0.029). The differences between advanced and beginner athletes in the chigo-chagüi kick with front leg are usually remarkable in most of the indicators analyzed, being the level of the athlete an indicator that allows describing the technical deficiencies.

In sports training, having in mind how to develop strength on land and its transfer to the aquatic environment is of vital importance in the training of athletes who begin the practice of water polo. The present research had the objective of determining how the strength transfer exercises influence the motor actions of water polo, which would help in an adequate conduction of the sports training process of the female athletes studied. To achieve the proposed goals, the authors relied on theoretical and empirical methods, the descriptive statistics tool (percentage calculation) was used to process the information, taking as a sample athletes who were starting in water polo in the massive sports area of Water Polo. For this purpose, a survey was made to coaches and their opinions and criteria were analyzed during the conduction of this process. The final result is that there is insufficient knowledge of how to select exercises so that a positive transfer to the aquatic environment of strength exercises on land is developed. They do not master the methods, procedures, contents and methodologies, based on the research carried out on the principle and exercises of transfer. Among the most relevant conclusions of this research are the theoretical references on the transfer exercises from land to the aquatic environment, which will provide from the theory a solid argumentation for its application to practice.

The modeling of sports training in soccer should consider principles such as specialization and sport specificity, since the different functions of the game show significant changes in the application of physical stimuli; therefore, certain indicators for training and sport selection should be taken into account. In this sense, the purpose of the research was to theoretically validate the importance of some technical-tactical indicators of sport selection by functions of the game in soccer. The descriptive-explanatory method of correlational order was used in the research. The criteria of 14 specialists were studied, based on the application of surveys and interviews. In these, the theoretical importance of eight indicators of technical-tactical performance was analyzed, with a view to elaborating in the future a methodology for the search and selection of soccer talents by game functions. The indicator Players by game profiles of international level reached the highest score (4.86), followed by the indicator establishing specific indicators by game profiles (4.71), the indicator determining the fundamental characteristics of game profiles (4.36), the indicator establishing game profiles (3.79), the indicator determining the demands of soccer (3.64). The vision of the field (3.57), attitude (3.21) and communication (2.86) presented respectively the lowest scores achieved. The impact of the eight indicators analyzed was evident, with those related to technical tactical performance being more important than those related to psychological and/or tactical performance. The indicators have a medium to high relevance, considering the need to incorporate them in a specialized methodology for the selection of soccer talent by game functions.

Aerobic endurance in soccer is considered a determining capacity, for which its enhancement is an indispensable part of the content of sports training, being useful to design specialized models for its improvement, which must first be submitted to theoretical validation. In this sense, the objective of the research is to theoretically validate, through national and foreign experts, a proposal on a group of exercises to develop aerobic endurance in soccer players of the U-14 category. The research is descriptive-explanatory of correlational order, an intervention proposal is validated with a group of aerobic endurance exercises for U-14 soccer players in two moments of the design. Five evaluative indicators were consulted to 25 specialists (Nationals: 14, Foreigners: 11), and the future intervention proposal was theoretically validated. Between independent groups, there were no significantly different evaluations in any of the indicators5. Between related groups, significant differences in favor of the posttest were evidenced, both in the national specialists (Comprehensiveness: r=0.001; Affordability: r=0.002; Progression: p=0.001; Variety: p=0.001; Progressive Specialization: p=0.001), and in the foreign specialists (Comprehensiveness: r=0.006; Affordability: r=0.004; Progression: p=0.002; Variety: p=0.003; Progressive Specialization: p=0.004). The future intervention proposal presented adequate Comprehensiveness, Affordability, Progression, Variety and Progressive Specialization, significantly improving the evaluations of the proposal in its second moment of design. On the other hand, there is an adequate degree of agreement regardless of the theoretical and methodological conceptions of each independent group, an additional value of the proposal presented by the author.