Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

In the last fifteen years, non-traditional exports from Peru have gone from a value of US $ 2 044 million in the year 2000, to US $ 10 857 in 2015; which means a total growth of 430% and an average annual growth of 28%. This is partly due to the diversification of the exportable supply, the competitive advantages that each export sector has and to the Trade Agreements (Free Trade Agreements) of Peru with different countries and economic blocs. This document presents an econometric model for non-traditional exports from Peru in the period January 2004-April 2016, and because they are time series, first tests of unit roots and stationarity are performed on each of the economic series involved in the model of exportable supply, using the contrasts of Dickey-Fuller, Phillips-Perron and KPSS, which turned out to be all, integrated in order 1. To verify the existence of long-term equilibrium relationships between the economic series, two methodologies are used. Relatively recent cointegration: Johansen and Pesaran, Shin and Smith, resulting in the fact that there is effectively cointegration between the economic series and, therefore, the corresponding Error Correction Models are formulated. The results show that the variables Export Price Index and Importer Income (External Income) are determinants to explain the behavior of non-traditional exports from Peru.

El presente trabajo fue presentado en la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano-Puno. Perú en la Escuela de Postgrado en la maestría en Economía con motivo de cumplir 50 años de su creación en el seminario Internacional de planificación y Gestión del desarrollo, Puno al 2030 en los días 29 y 30 de septiembre del 2014. Las teorías del desarrollo tienen una preocupación y origen desde los primeros economistas llamados clásicos, para tratar de explicar los diferentes niveles de desarrollo de los países, desde el mercantilismo, el capitalismo manufacturero del siglo XVIII ( Adam Smith, David Ricardo) y el desarrollo del capitalismo Industrial del siglo XIX (Carlos Marx, Walras, Jevons, Marshall,). En el siglo XX surgen  interpretaciones del desarrollo, en los años 40´s y 50´s (Lewis,Harrod, Domar, Solow etc.) tratan de teorizar y de explicar esa dicotomía entre los países desarrollados y los subdesarrollados desde una visión analítica e histórica. La teoría convencional de la economía (neoclásica), ponía de modelo a los países industrializados. En los 90´s, Amartya Sen introduce el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) con nuevos  indicadores y posteriormente el  ambiental, las políticas públicas afrontan los diversos problemas de los países desarrollados, las economías denominadas emergentes y los menos desarrollados. En el siglo XXI la elaboración de planes y diagnósticos se convierten en un instrumento principal para detectar la problemática de las comunidades y orientar las acciones en una economía global.

The purpose of the research is to develop a territorial analysis to propose measurement tools for sustainable land management in river basin Coata region of Puno - Peru. The research design is exploratory. The hypothesis that guides the study suggests that this status quo has to do among other things, with both mistakes in reading the territory, as in the elaboration and implementation of rural land development proposals. This exercise culminates in a triangulation between diagnosis systems cultural, agricultural and forestry development, identifying measurement tools that are constantly applied in the basin such as the SWOT analysis, logical framework, exercises that contribute to setting indicators sustainability from a comprehensive and specific outlook for the basin, which is synthesized in the formulation of a proposed uses. This implies an adjustment to the planning, monitoring and evaluation for the territory, with formulation of rural territorial development indicators that consider elements of sustainability itself for the territory as part of the process of the basin development and collecting practices sustainable, aimed at improving the quality of life of the population.

The aim of the study is to analyze quality management in the hotel industry in Puno. Quality management in hotels in the three stars category was analyzed using the model quality European Foundation Quality Management (EFQM) in a population of 17 hotels. The study is descriptive-correlational of cross-section in the cities of Puno and Juliaca in the period 2011, a population of 17 hotel establishments; information was obtained from primary and secondary sources inside and outside the organization, using qualitative and quantitative methods. The results indicate that of the 20 management tools used by managers and/or executives stand out: continuous improvement (82%), Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (82%) analysis and use of internet usage with 82%, respectively, not listed as used any quality management model; applying the model under the EFQM approach the efficiency ratio reached a score of 356 out of a total of 500 points, which is 72% compliance, reaching the qualification good; and finally using the Spearman correlation coefficient whose probabilities indicate that propellants model: leadership (p = 0.68), strategy (p = 0.72), people (p = 0.69), partnerships and resources (p = 0.62) and, processes, products and services (p = 0.63), where the correlation is significant for levels of 0.01 and 0.05, they reveal a statistically acceptable significance with values close to 1, which leads to the conclusion that are associated and there is a relationship between the quality management of sales growth and profitability in the three-star hotels.

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of cash transfers of PROCAMPO and OPORTUNIDADES programs on the economy of rural families in Mexico in 2012. Data from the National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure from National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics were used and the impact was estimated by propensity score matching method. We conclude that the impact of social programs on the economy of rural families is differentiated: (i) PROCAMPO cash transfers achieved a positive impact on food expenditures ($ 132.6), total spending ($ 505.4) and family income ($ 745.5) and negative in spending on services transport (- $ 36.7) and housing (- $ 17.8); (ii) while the OPORTUNIDADES has had a positive impact on spending in buying dress ($ 14.46) and negative in the rest of the costs and household income; (iii) beneficiary families of the two social programs have had positive impact on its economy through food expenditures ($ 59.4), clothing ($ 36.4), cleaning ($ 7.6), health ($ 34.3) durable Goods ($ 126) in total spending ($ 68.1) and family income ($ 534.1), and negative for transportation expenses (- $ 66.4), education (- $ 63.6 ) and personal services (- $ 40.4).

The aim of the study was to analyze and explain the implication that has had subnational governance (local governments and regional government) in the development of the department of Puno. Annual data from 2007 to 2014, subnational governments was used. For the first objective, it has made the characterization of local government and regional government; for the second, the implication of public investment on socioeconomic development is analyzed using an econometric model. Management of local governments and the Regional Government of Puno was characterized finding problems in the execution of investments, such as lack of quality investment projects, acts of corruption, limited capacity of the authorities and officials, problems with transparency, and participatory processes. It has been shown that public investments have limited effects on the socio-economic development in our department. Finally, subnational governments in the department of Puno have not generated significant improvements in the living conditions of the population, nor favorable conditions for the private sector.

This article presents an analysis of the factors that determine the demand for Higher University Education in the province of Cusco in the year 2020; making a microeconomic analysis about what factors influence the probability that a graduate of secondary education continues with university studies, contains a theoretical framework in relation to the Theory of Human Capital. The analysis of the educational choice will be carried out with the logit model, taking into account the relevant elements present in the texts about the theme such as: individual and school factors. Through the use of information from surveys regarding the educational choice after completing secondary school, carried out on graduates of secondary studies (cross-sectional information). The results of the estimation by maximum likelihood obtained from logit model indicate: that the individual factors, the variables life aspirations of the students, monthly family income, occupation of the head of household, age and level of education of the mother influence significantly in the demand for Higher University Education and that of the school factors, the variables perception of the usefulness of secondary studies and type of management of the secondary level educational institution are those that significantly influence the demand for Higher Education in the province of Cusco for the year 2020.

Cattle production is conducted by small producers with an incidence of family labor and high heterogeneity in the distribution of productive resources and with low productivity in cattle exploitation. The objectives of the study were to characterize production and determine the main factors that influence bovine production. The deductive method and type of correlational and explanatory research were used; the data analyzes were developed osino statistical techniques (measures of central tendency and dispersion); For the analysis of the incidence of the factors in production, the multiple regression model was taken into account and for its estimation Ordinary Least Squares. The results indicate 10,232 cattle distributed among 2,029 production units, each producer has an average of 3.12 hectares. of land, 05 bovines and 3 members per household, likewise the bovine production function of the Paucarcolla district indicates that the explanatory variables (production factors) are relevant at 5% significance, the Coefficient of Determination R2 registers 0.48, which which states that 48% of the variation in cattle production is explained by independent variables or productive factors such as land resources, cultivated pastures, improved bovine capital, educational level of producers, family workforce and technology; also the model shows the existence of joint dependency in the model whose Fc = 265.14 of significance; the parameters of the function are statistically significant, that is, different from zero and the data are consistent with the production function. Keywords: Characterization, cattle, production and factors.

The Basic rural sanitation services in Peru are a priority for the government, because they improve the quality of life of the rural population. These projects must justify their execution incorporating economic benefits that guarantee their post-investment sustainability. For this purpose, this research considered a survey of 173 heads of families, whose objective is to estimate the economic benefits through the contingent valuation method (CVM) with the referendum format and the consumer surplus method (CS) through the social value of the time and higher consumption. It is shown that families are willingness to pay (WTP) S/. 8.38 per month to access the sanitation service and the economic benefit for the consumer surplus is S/. 46.43 monthly per family. Regarding social evaluation; through the EC the net present value is S/. 856,485, however, for the CVM they would only cover the costs of operation and maintenance. The WTP is mainly conditioned by family income, educational level, gender and the distance to carry water. Therefore, the investment must be assumed by the state, since these projects guarantee their sustainability, mainly covering the costs of operation and maintenance.

Tax collection in Peru has many difficulties to be carried out, such as the lack of team or specialized personnel to do it by the Tax Administration, methods and mechanisms that are not adequate for its realization or not very effective in any case, lack of an appropriate tax culture on the part of taxpayers to meet their tax obligations, among other aspects. The objective of this research is to determine if the tax culture significantly influences tax collection in MYPES in Metropolitan Lima, capital of Peru, between the years 2019 and 2021. An applied-type approach methodology with a non-experimental research design was used. The selected sample was obtained by means of the demonstrated convenience method with a total of 226 workers belonging to the MYPES of Metropolitan Lima, and to whom a questionnaire was applied that was later processed in SPSS V 25. Among the main results, it was obtained that there are serious problems regarding tax collection, there are no effective methods that can do it, the staff is not sufficiently prepared to carry out said work and the tax culture is inappropriate. It is concluded that the Tax Culture has a significant influence on Tax Collection in the MYPES of Metropolitan Lima.